Who polices what

Argentina — the federal security forces (Ministry of National Security)

Government of Argentina (argentina.gob.ar) · Government publication · link verified 2026-07-27

The Government of Argentina's page on the federal security forces, read directly. Supports that the four national forces — the Argentine Federal Police (PFA), the National Gendarmerie (GNA), the Naval Prefecture (PNA) and the Airport Security Police (PSA) — sit under the national security ministry. Establishes the federal police tier (each of the provinces additionally has its own provincial police under the reserved-powers rule). CORRECTED on 2026-10-10: the ministry is the Ministerio de Seguridad Nacional (Ministry of National Security). It was the Ministerio de Seguridad when this record was written, and was renamed by Decree DNU 58/2025, published on 4 February 2025 (ar-dnu-58-2025); the page itself now shows the new name.

Decreto DNU 58/2025 — Ley de Ministerios, modificación (the Ministry of Security renamed the Ministry of National Security)

Ministerio de Justicia — Información Legislativa (argentina.gob.ar/normativa) · Legislation · 2025-02-04 · link verified 2026-10-10

SCOPE: the name of the national ministry responsible for Argentina’s federal security forces, and nothing else. The decree’s original text on the national legislation service, read directly: sanctioned 3 February 2025 and published in the Boletín Oficial on 4 February 2025 (number 35602). Supports art. 1, which substitutes art. 1 of the Ley de Ministerios 22.520 so that the list of ministries reads "De Seguridad Nacional"; art. 6, which substitutes art. 22 bis so that "Compete al MINISTERIO DE SEGURIDAD NACIONAL" assisting the President in matters of internal security, including "la dirección y coordinación de funciones y jurisdicciones de las Fuerzas Policiales y de Seguridad nacionales"; and art. 7, which transfers the former ministry’s commitments and provides that wherever existing rules refer to the Ministry of Security it "deberá considerarse sustituida por la expresión “MINISTERIO DE SEGURIDAD NACIONAL”". The decree names no individual force, and none is named from it. As an original text it does not establish later amendments to the Ley de Ministerios.

Australian Federal Police Act 1979 (Cth)

Federal Register of Legislation (legislation.gov.au) · Legislation · 1979 · link verified 2026-07-26

The statute constituting the Australian Federal Police as the Commonwealth police. Supports that a function of the AFP under s.8(1)(a) is 'the provision of police services in relation to the Australian Capital Territory', subject to s.8(1A), which lets the Commonwealth Minister and the ACT arrange for that provision — the statutory hook for the AFP delivering ACT community policing. The register serves the section text through a single-page application; the section wording was read through a web search service’s copy of the official page, and the arrangement itself is quoted from the AFP's own ACT-Policing page (read directly). No verbatim quotation of the Act is asserted from a page not read in full. ROUTE CHANGED, and the change is the whole of what was fixed here. The address cited before, /latest/text, serves the Register’s metadata panel and table of contents and assembles the enacted text in the browser, so no observation of it could ever reach a word of the Act. This address is the one the Register ITSELF links to from that page — the static text of the compilation registered on 8 November 2025 — and it is the same route two other Australian Acts in this corpus already cite. It pins a COMPILATION rather than the latest text: what is read here is the Act as it stood on that date, and a later compilation will have a different address.

About Victoria Police

Victoria Police (State of Victoria, Australia) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-13

SCOPE: Victoria Police only. The force’s own page, read directly. Supports the official name "Victoria Police", that it is the police force of the state of Victoria, and the functional groups it names (Crime Group, Forensic Services, Licensing and Regulation Division, Professional Standards, Public Safety and others). The page carries NO statutory citation, and none is asserted from it. Establishes nothing about the other Australian states or about the Commonwealth AFP.

Northern Territory Police Force

Northern Territory Police, Fire and Emergency Services (pfes.nt.gov.au) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

The Northern Territory's own police page, read directly. Establishes that the Northern Territory runs its OWN police force — the Northern Territory Police Force — the contrast with the Australian Capital Territory, whose policing is delivered by the Commonwealth AFP. Supports the `own` policing scope for the NT.

Bundespolizei — Bundesministerium für Inneres (Austria)

Bundesministerium für Inneres (Austria) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-17

SCOPE: the Bundespolizei and its relationship to the Landespolizeidirektionen. The ministry's own page for the force, read directly. Supports that the Bundespolizei is an armed, largely uniformed Wachkörper established in 2005 by merging the previously independent Bundesgendarmerie, Bundessicherheitswachekorps and Kriminalbeamtenkorps; and that the police is attached, for the performance of executive service, to the security authorities led by the Interior Ministry — “in erster Linie den neun Landespolizeidirektionen”. That is what establishes that the nine directorates are authorities under the ministry rather than forces belonging to the Länder. The page states its own last update as 27 March 2025.

Das Bundesministerium für Inneres — Bundesministerium für Inneres (Austria)

Bundesministerium für Inneres (Austria) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-17

SCOPE: the Federal Ministry of the Interior itself. The ministry's own page about the ministry, read directly. Supports that the BMI is the security authority of third instance (Sicherheitsbehörde III. Instanz), headed by the Federal Minister of the Interior, and that it is responsible for security matters, the state borders and the organisation of the operational service of the Bundespolizei. It does NOT establish which bodies sit within the ministry — the four records below carry that, each from the ministry's own page for that body.

Law of 7 December 1998 organising an integrated police service, structured on two levels (consolidated, Justel)

Belgium — Federal Public Service Justice (ejustice.just.fgov.be / Moniteur belge) · Legislation · 1998-12-07 · link verified 2026-09-19

The official consolidated French text on the Justel database. Verbatim: the title "Loi organisant un service de police intégré, structuré à deux niveaux" (Law organising an integrated police service, structured on two levels), and the operative wording that the police are "structurés à deux niveaux : le niveau fédéral et le niveau local, lesquels assurent ensemble la fonction de police intégrée" (structured on two levels — the federal level and the local level — which together provide the integrated police function). The law also modifies the earlier law on the gendarmerie, confirming that this reform merged the former forces into the integrated service. Establishes the two-level (federal + local) integrated-police structure and its statutory basis; the internal directorates of the Federal Police were NOT verified (its own website was unreachable). LATER ADDITION, read on 2026-10-10: art. 102 gives the federal judicial police "la police technique et scientifique, sans préjudice des attributions de l'Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie" — the forensic police function, without prejudice to the attributions of the national forensic institute. LATER ADDITION, read on 2026-10-10 for the border module: art. 3, "Les services de police sont organisés et structurés à deux niveaux : le niveau fédéral et le niveau local, lesquels assurent ensemble la fonction de police intégrée."; and art. 97, that "Pour l'accomplissement de ses missions de police administrative, la police fédérale est placée sous l'autorité du ministre de l'Intérieur", and that for its administrative-police missions "dans la mer territoriale belge, la zone économique exclusive et sur le plateau continental, sous l'autorité du gouverneur de la province de Flandre occidentale".

Royal Bhutan Police

Royal Bhutan Police · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Royal Bhutan Police only. The force's own site, read directly. Supports the official name and the force's own published vision, 'To make Bhutan a safe place to live and work', and mission, 'Maintaining law and order, prevention of crime and protection of life & property'. The site does not carry a statement of the force's governing statute, and none is claimed here. The site uses the abbreviation RBP for the force throughout.

Botswana Police Service — Government of Botswana

Government of Botswana · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Botswana Police Service only. The Government of Botswana's own page for the service, on the official gov.bw portal, read directly. Supports the official name, the abbreviation BPS, and the service's own statement that it is established by an Act of Parliament under Section 6 of the Police Act, Cap. 21:01. Supports the mandate as the page quotes it from that Act: that the Service shall be employed throughout Botswana to protect life and property, prevent and detect crime, repress internal disturbances, maintain security and public tranquility, apprehend offenders, bring offenders to justice, enforce the written laws with which it is directly charged, and generally maintain peace. Supports the divisional and departmental structure the page lists. The Police Act itself was NOT fetched; the section number and the quoted wording rest on the government's own citation of it. The page offers no website for the service other than a social profile, which is not published as an official presence.

Competências da Polícia Federal

Polícia Federal — gov.br (Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

The Polícia Federal's own page, read in full. Supports that the PF is a Union body that exercises, 'com exclusividade, as funções de polícia judiciária da União', carries out 'polícia marítima, aeroportuária e de fronteiras', and works to 'reprimir o tráfico ilícito de entorpecentes e drogas afins, o contrabando e o descaminho' — reproducing Art. 144 §1. Establishes the PF's federal remit (federal crimes, borders, drugs); does not cover the state forces.

Competências da Polícia Rodoviária Federal

Polícia Rodoviária Federal — gov.br · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

The Polícia Rodoviária Federal's own page, read in full. Supports that the PRF is a Union body dedicated to 'o patrulhamento ostensivo das rodovias federais' (Art. 144 §2), also enforcing the Código de Trânsito Brasileiro (Lei 9.503/97). Establishes the PRF's role; does not cover the state forces.

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act (RSC 1985, c. R-10)

Government of Canada — Justice Laws Website (laws-lois.justice.gc.ca) · Legislation · link verified 2026-09-19

The statute constituting and governing the RCMP (English; French equally authoritative), read in full for the relevant sections. Supports: s.3 'There shall continue to be a police force for Canada ... known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police' (a FEDERAL force); s.5 the Commissioner, 'under the direction of the Minister, has the control and management of the Force' (federal governance); THIS RECORD WAS RE-READ AND NARROWED. It previously also supported s.20(1), the statutory basis for contract policing. The address it cited was the Act's landing page, which carries a table of contents rather than the enacted text, so none of the quoted provisions was readable there. The publisher's own link from that page leads to the text of sections 1 to 11, which carries s.3 and s.5 and is now the address cited. S.20(1) IS NOT ESTABLISHED AT THIS ADDRESS: the Act is paginated and the later pages are not exposed to a direct request from the pages read. Nothing published relies on this record for contract policing — that rests on ca-rcmp-contract, the Force's own account — and no claim was widened to compensate.

Contract policing — About

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (rcmp.ca) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

The RCMP's own page, read in full. Supports: 'The RCMP currently provides contract policing services to eight provinces (Ontario and Quebec have their own provincial police service), three territories and under direct contract to some 150 municipalities in Canada'; 'Provinces and territories pay 70% of RCMP costs and the federal government pays 30%' (municipalities pay 70% under 15,000 population or 90% over 15,000); the current agreements 'expire on March 31, 2032'; and 'As Canada's national police force, the RCMP maintains national standards and policies across contract policing jurisdictions' — the Force stays federal while delivering provincial/municipal policing. Establishes the provider/client/funding/term facts; the term is a maximum, terminable earlier on notice (carried in prose).

Sûreté du Québec — site officiel

Sûreté du Québec (sq.gouv.qc.ca) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-07-26

The provincial police service of Quebec's own official site, read for its name. Establishes that the force's official name is the French 'Sûreté du Québec'; no official English name is asserted. Cited to support the naming choice on the law-enforcement page (Quebec runs its own provincial police, not the RCMP).

Ravnateljstvo policije — official site

Ravnateljstvo policije, Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova (Croatia) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Croatian Police Directorate only. Its own site, read directly. RE-READ AND NARROWED: this record previously supported that the Directorate sits within the Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova, is headed by a Director General, and operates through regional police administrations (policijske uprave). A monitoring run reported the page changed, and the re-read found those facts no longer stated as text — they appear only as navigation: a ministry link under “Važne poveznice”, a menu entry for “Policijske uprave”, and a link to a page about the glavni ravnatelj which turns out to be a biography of the current holder rather than a description of the office. This platform has met that failure before, when a citation was found to rest on a dropdown navigation menu rather than on a statement, and the response is the same. The record now supports only the official name “Ravnateljstvo policije” and that the directorate exists. CLOSING THE FRESHNESS-QUEUE ENTRY FOUND A SECOND DEFECT. The cited address, policija.gov.hr/about-us/23, NO LONGER EXISTS: it redirects to the site root, so every observation recorded since had been of the homepage rather than of the page cited. And this record declared no evidence anchors at all, which means nothing on the page had to be present for a check to pass, so every check had been reporting success without verifying anything. Both are fixed: the address is now the one that actually serves, and the record now requires the official name and the postal address of the directorate to be present, both of which the root states in its contact block rather than in navigation. THE HEALTH FLAG IS DELIBERATELY KEPT, and clearing it was considered and refused. What the flag literally records — that the content changed and a person should look — has been satisfied twice over. But the flag had been set for a second purpose, stated plainly: the structural facts this record once carried are still unsourced, and the freshness queue is the only place that says so. Clearing it would have made the queue empty and the backlog invisible, which is the trade this platform refuses. So this queue entry is CARRIED BY DESIGN rather than by neglect, and the difference is the whole of what was decided here. THE STRUCTURAL FACTS HAVE NOW BEEN RE-SOURCED FROM PRIMARY LAW, and no published claim rests on this record for them any more. The Zakon o policiji was reached through the gazette’s own index of issues and read directly; it establishes that the police is organised in three hierarchical levels, that the Ravnateljstvo is an administrative organisation within the Ministry, and that a glavni ravnatelj directs it and answers to the minister. Those claims now cite hr-zakon-o-policiji-2011. THE HEALTH FLAG IS NEVERTHELESS KEPT, and the reason has narrowed twice rather than gone. It was first kept because the structural facts were unsourced; then because what had been read was the Act AS ENACTED in 2011, with the gazette page carrying no consolidation marker and no list of later amending Acts. THE AMENDMENT CHAIN HAS SINCE BEEN READ IN THE GAZETTE, instrument by instrument — NN 130/12, 89/14, 151/14, 33/15, 121/16 and 66/19 — and the three articles this platform relies on survive it: articles 1 and 9 unamended, article 8 altered once and only in a defined term. WHAT IS STILL NOT ESTABLISHED is whether any instrument published after NN 66/2019 has amended the Act. No official consolidated text was found, and the gazette’s own full-text search is served to a browser rather than to a direct request, so the seven years since cannot be searched at proportionate cost. The queue should carry that narrower fact: the Croatian structural claims are verified to July 2019 and no further. It is stated so a later reading can tell the three reasons apart.

Police of the Czech Republic (Policie České republiky) — official site

Policie České republiky (Ministry of the Interior) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

The national police force's own account of itself. URL CORRECTED on 2026-09-17: the .aspx path cited four days earlier now returns HTTP 404 — the site has been rebuilt on the gov.cz design system — and the break was found by the source monitor, not by a person. Supports that the force is a 'jednotný ozbrojený bezpečnostní sbor', that it 'je podřízena ministerstvu vnitra', and that 'Tvoří ji policejní prezidium, útvary s celostátní působností, krajská ředitelství policie a útvary zřízené v rámci krajských ředitelství', with 'Zákon zřizuje 14 krajských ředitelství policie'. EVIDENCE CHANGED WITH THE URL: the new page names the Czech National Council law of 21 June 1991 as the founding statute and does NOT mention Act No. 273/2008 Coll., which the superseded page did. The act number is therefore no longer supported by this source, and the pages that state it already record it as taken from the force's own references rather than from the statutory text. The new site's navigation is rendered by client-side JavaScript, so the sibling pages could not be enumerated by an automated request; this one was read directly.

About the Danish police

Rigspolitiet (Danish National Police), politi.dk · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

The Danish National Police's own English site, read directly and re-confirmed. Supports that Denmark is organised into 12 geographical police districts, that the Faroe Islands Police and Greenland Police each form a police district, and that "the 15th police district is the Special Crime Unit, which is a nationwide investigative unit established in 2022". Re-read on 2026-09-13, when the page also gave the organisation’s name as Rigspolitiet in Danish and "Danish National Police" in English, and stated that "The Kingdom of Denmark consists of a total of 15 police districts". The specific sentence naming the National Commissioner (Rigspolitichef) as head of Rigspolitiet under the Ministry of Justice was not on the page fetched, so leadership is stated only to the extent the source supports it.

Police Act 1996, section 1 (Police areas) — legislation.gov.uk

The National Archives (United Kingdom) · Legislation · link verified 2026-09-18

SCOPE: the division of England and Wales into police areas. The official consolidated text, read directly. Supports that “England and Wales shall be divided into police areas” and that those areas are the ones listed in Schedule 1 together with the metropolitan police district and the City of London police area. The section is shown as extending to England and Wales (E+W).

Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, section 1 (Police and crime commissioners) — legislation.gov.uk

The National Archives (United Kingdom) · Legislation · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: who governs a police force outside London. The official consolidated text, read directly. Supports that “there is to be a police and crime commissioner for each police area listed in Schedule 1 to the Police Act 1996 (police areas outside London)” and that a commissioner is a corporation sole. The section is shown as extending to England and Wales (E+W). It establishes nothing about the London arrangements, which are different and were not researched here.

The story and values — Police and Border Guard Board

Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet (Estonia) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board only. The Board’s own English page, read directly. Supports the official name — "Politsei ja Piirivalveamet" in Estonian, "Police and Border Guard Board" in English — and the combined remit it states for itself: "preserving law and order, investigating and preventing crimes and misdemeanours, guarding the border, rescue at sea, determining the grounds and status for people staying in Estonia, and issuing identity documents". That combination of policing, border control, maritime rescue AND identity documents in one board is the structurally distinctive fact. Staffing and volunteer figures on the page are the Board’s own and are NOT republished.

Police (and agencies and responsibilities)

Ministry of the Interior, Finland (sisäministeriö / inrikesministeriet) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

The Ministry of the Interior's English police pages, read directly and re-confirmed. Supports that "the Ministry of the Interior guides and directs the police service, and prepares related legislation" — placing the police under a DIFFERENT ministry from the courts, prosecution and prisons (which are under the Ministry of Justice) — and that the National Police Board (Poliisihallitus) guides and directs operational police activities. Lists the police agencies: the National Police Board, the local police departments (11 on the mainland), the National Bureau of Investigation (Keskusrikospoliisi), the Police University College and the Finnish Security Intelligence Service. CHANGED SINCE READ: automated checks on 2026-09-28 and 2026-10-05 found this page’s text different from the version read on 2026-09-19. It could not be read again: intermin.fi answered HTTP 403 to the request made in researching it on 2026-10-10, although the same host had served those checks. What changed is not known, and nothing here is restated from the changed page.

Articles R434-1 et R434-2 du Code de la sécurité intérieure (code de déontologie de la police nationale et de la gendarmerie nationale)

République française (Légifrance) · Legislation · 2014-01-01 · link verified 2026-08-10

Supports the exact wording of article R434-1, in force from 1 January 2014, 'Les dispositions du présent chapitre constituent le code de déontologie de la police nationale et de la gendarmerie nationale pour l'exécution de leurs missions de sécurité intérieure'; and article R434-2, that the two forces 'sont soumises à des règles déontologiques communes et à des règles propres à chacune d'elles'. Supports that one regulatory code binds both national forces. It does NOT support any claim about the content of individual duties, about enforcement of the code, or about compliance.

Article L511-1 du Code de la sécurité intérieure

République française (Légifrance) · Legislation · 2021-07-01 · link verified 2026-07-24

Supports that agents de police municipale act under the authority of the mayor on tasks within the mayor's competence relating to prevention and surveillance of public order, tranquillity, security and public health, and the opening clause 'Sans préjudice de la compétence générale de la police nationale et de la gendarmerie nationale'. Légifrance records it as in force from 1 July 2021 to 1 January 2029. Does NOT support any claim about how many communes maintain a municipal force, nor about the powers of individual agents beyond the cited wording.

Article L3211-3 du Code de la défense

République française (Légifrance) · Legislation · 2018-07-15 · link verified 2026-07-24

Supports the exact wording 'La gendarmerie nationale est une force armée instituée pour veiller à l'exécution des lois', and that its military missions are executed throughout the national territory. Version in force from 15 July 2018, last modified by Loi n° 2018-607 of 13 July 2018, article 42. Supports the gendarmerie's legal character as an armed force ONLY; it does not support any claim about territorial allocation between the gendarmerie and the police nationale, nor about equipment, tactics or deployment.

Bundespolizei — official site

Bundespolizei (Bundesministerium des Innern) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the German federal police only. The force’s own site, read directly. Supports the official name "Bundespolizei"; and its four stated task areas in its own words — "Wir wehren Gefahren ab im Zusammenhang mit dem Grenzübertritt" (border), "Wir sorgen für Sicherheit in Zügen und Bahnanlagen" (railway), "Wir schützen vor Angriffen auf die Sicherheit des zivilen Luftverkehrs" (aviation security) and "Wir verfolgen Straftaten und Ordnungswidrigkeiten". Establishes NOTHING about the sixteen Landespolizeien, which are separate forces the Bundespolizei does not command. THIS RECORD WAS NARROWED ON RE-READING. It previously also supported that the force sits within the Bundesministerium des Innern. The ministry’s name is on the page, but only as one entry in a list of onward links beside Frontex and the federal portal — it is NAVIGATION, not a statement, and an anchor that a link satisfies is not evidence of a claim. The force’s placement in the Interior Ministry’s portfolio is established for these pages by § 1(1) BPolG, which says it in terms, and nothing here rests on this record for it. What this record supports is what the force states about itself in its own words.

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz), English translation

Bundesministerium der Justiz / Bundesamt für Justiz (Gesetze im Internet) · Legislation · 1949-05-23 · link verified 2026-07-24

Translation by Professors Christian Tomuschat, David P. Currie, Donald P. Kommers and Raymond Kerr in cooperation with the Language Service of the German Bundestag; offered subject to stated conditions of use. The page states the text reflects amendments up to 22 March 2025. THE GERMAN TEXT IS AUTHORITATIVE and the translation may lag later amendments. Supports: Art. 20(1) federal state; Art. 30 (exercise of state powers is a matter for the Länder except as otherwise provided); Art. 70 (Länder legislate unless the Basic Law confers power on the Federation; exclusive vs concurrent); Art. 73(1) no. 10 (cooperation in criminal police matters; establishment of a Federal Criminal Police Office); Art. 74(1) no. 1 (concurrent legislation over criminal law and court organisation and procedure, EXCEPT the law on pre-trial detention); Art. 83 (Länder execute federal laws in their own right); Art. 87(1) (federal law may establish Federal Border Police authorities and central police offices); Art. 92 (judicial power vested in the Federal Constitutional Court, federal courts and the courts of the Länder); Art. 95(1) (the five federal supreme courts); Art. 96 (further federal courts); Art. 97 (judicial independence); Art. 35 (mutual legal and administrative assistance). Does NOT support any claim about how a particular Land organises its institutions. LATER ADDITION, read from the same official English translation page. NOTE ON NUMBERING, verified rather than assumed: in the current text the COMPOSITION of the Federal Constitutional Court is Article 93 and its JURISDICTION is Article 94 — the reverse of the allocation these two articles carried historically and of the numbering most secondary sources still cite. Supports Art. 93(5): a federal law regulates the organisation and procedure of the Court, and "the law may require that all other legal remedies be exhausted before a constitutional complaint may be filed and may provide for a separate proceeding to determine whether the complaint will be accepted for decision". Supports Art. 94(1) no. 2, ABSTRACT review: the Court rules "in the event of disagreements or doubts concerning the formal or substantive compatibility of federal law or Land law with this Basic Law or the compatibility of Land law with other federal law on application of the Federal Government, of a Land government or of one fourth of the Members of the Bundestag". Supports Art. 94(1) no. 4a, the INDIVIDUAL constitutional complaint: the Court rules "on constitutional complaints, which may be filed by any person alleging that one of his basic rights or one of his rights under paragraph (4) of Article 20 or under Article 33, 38, 101, 103 or 104 has been infringed by public authority". Supports Art. 94(1) no. 4b and 4c (municipal complaints and complaints by associations about non-recognition as political parties), and Art. 94(4), that decisions of the Court bind the constitutional organs. Supports Art. 100(1), CONCRETE review: "If a court concludes that a law on whose validity its decision depends is unconstitutional, the proceedings shall be stayed, and a decision shall be obtained from the Land court with jurisdiction over constitutional disputes where the constitution of a Land is held to be violated or from the Federal Constitutional Court where this Basic Law is held to be violated" — that is, the ordinary court must refer and may not itself disapply the statute. Supports Art. 100(3), that a Land constitutional court proposing to derogate from a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court must obtain a decision from it. The German text remains authoritative and the translation may lag later amendments. LATER ADDITION. Read from the same official English translation page and cross-checked against the German original at gesetze-im-internet.de, article by article. The Grundgesetz carries THREE distinct emergency regimes, and conflating them is the commonest error about it. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 35(1), (2) sentence 2: “(1) Alle Behörden des Bundes und der Länder leisten sich gegenseitig Rechts- und Amtshilfe. (2) [...] Zur Hilfe bei einer Naturkatastrophe oder bei einem besonders schweren Unglücksfall kann ein Land Polizeikräfte anderer Länder, Kräfte und Einrichtungen anderer Verwaltungen sowie des Bundesgrenzschutzes und der Streitkräfte anfordern.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 35(3): “(3) Gefährdet die Naturkatastrophe oder der Unglücksfall das Gebiet mehr als eines Landes, so kann die Bundesregierung, soweit es zur wirksamen Bekämpfung erforderlich ist, den Landesregierungen die Weisung erteilen, Polizeikräfte anderen Ländern zur Verfügung zu stellen, sowie Einheiten des Bundesgrenzschutzes und der Streitkräfte zur Unterstützung der Polizeikräfte einsetzen. Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung nach Satz 1 sind jederzeit auf Verlangen des Bundesrates, im übrigen unverzüglich nach Beseitigung der Gefahr aufzuheben.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 91(2): “(2) Ist das Land, in dem die Gefahr droht, nicht selbst zur Bekämpfung der Gefahr bereit oder in der Lage, so kann die Bundesregierung die Polizei in diesem Lande und die Polizeikräfte anderer Länder ihren Weisungen unterstellen sowie Einheiten des Bundesgrenzschutzes einsetzen. Die Anordnung ist nach Beseitigung der Gefahr, im übrigen jederzeit auf Verlangen des Bundesrates aufzuheben.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 87a(2), (4): “(2) Außer zur Verteidigung dürfen die Streitkräfte nur eingesetzt werden, soweit dieses Grundgesetz es ausdrücklich zuläßt. [...] (4) Zur Abwehr einer drohenden Gefahr für den Bestand oder die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung des Bundes oder eines Landes kann die Bundesregierung, wenn die Voraussetzungen des Artikels 91 Abs. 2 vorliegen und die Polizeikräfte sowie der Bundesgrenzschutz nicht ausreichen, Streitkräfte zur Unterstützung der Polizei und des Bundesgrenzschutzes beim Schutze von zivilen Objekten und bei der Bekämpfung organisierter und militärisch bewaffneter Aufständischer einsetzen. Der Einsatz von Streitkräften ist einzustellen, wenn der Bundestag oder der Bundesrat es verlangen.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115a(1): “(1) Die Feststellung, daß das Bundesgebiet mit Waffengewalt angegriffen wird oder ein solcher Angriff unmittelbar droht (Verteidigungsfall), trifft der Bundestag mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates. Die Feststellung erfolgt auf Antrag der Bundesregierung und bedarf einer Mehrheit von zwei Dritteln der abgegebenen Stimmen, mindestens der Mehrheit der Mitglieder des Bundestages.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115a(2), (3), (4): “(2) Erfordert die Lage unabweisbar ein sofortiges Handeln und stehen einem rechtzeitigen Zusammentritt des Bundestages unüberwindliche Hindernisse entgegen oder ist er nicht beschlußfähig, so trifft der Gemeinsame Ausschuß diese Feststellung mit einer Mehrheit von zwei Dritteln der abgegebenen Stimmen, mindestens der Mehrheit seiner Mitglieder. [...] (4) Wird das Bundesgebiet mit Waffengewalt angegriffen und sind die zuständigen Bundesorgane außerstande, sofort die Feststellung nach Absatz 1 Satz 1 zu treffen, so gilt diese Feststellung als getroffen und als zu dem Zeitpunkt verkündet, in dem der Angriff begonnen hat.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115g: “Die verfassungsmäßige Stellung und die Erfüllung der verfassungsmäßigen Aufgaben des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes und seiner Richter dürfen nicht beeinträchtigt werden. Das Gesetz über das Bundesverfassungsgericht darf durch ein Gesetz des Gemeinsamen Ausschusses nur insoweit geändert werden, als dies auch nach Auffassung des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes zur Aufrechterhaltung der Funktionsfähigkeit des Gerichtes erforderlich ist. Bis zum Erlaß eines solchen Gesetzes kann das Bundesverfassungsgericht die zur Erhaltung der Arbeitsfähigkeit des Gerichtes erforderlichen Maßnahmen treffen.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115l(1), (2): “(1) Der Bundestag kann jederzeit mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates Gesetze des Gemeinsamen Ausschusses aufheben. [...] (2) Der Bundestag kann mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates jederzeit durch einen vom Bundespräsidenten zu verkündenden Beschluß den Verteidigungsfall für beendet erklären. Der Bundesrat kann verlangen, daß der Bundestag hierüber beschließt. Der Verteidigungsfall ist unverzüglich für beendet zu erklären, wenn die Voraussetzungen für seine Feststellung nicht mehr gegeben sind.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 101: “(1) Ausnahmegerichte sind unzulässig. Niemand darf seinem gesetzlichen Richter entzogen werden. (2) Gerichte für besondere Sachgebiete können nur durch Gesetz errichtet werden.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 19(2) and Art. 79(3): “In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden. [Art. 19(2)] — Eine Änderung dieses Grundgesetzes, durch welche die Gliederung des Bundes in Länder, die grundsätzliche Mitwirkung der Länder bei der Gesetzgebung oder die in den Artikeln 1 und 20 niedergelegten Grundsätze berührt werden, ist unzulässig. [Art. 79(3)]”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115c(1), (3): “(1) Der Bund hat für den Verteidigungsfall das Recht der konkurrierenden Gesetzgebung auch auf den Sachgebieten, die zur Gesetzgebungszuständigkeit der Länder gehören. Diese Gesetze bedürfen der Zustimmung des Bundesrates. [...] (3) Soweit es zur Abwehr eines gegenwärtigen oder unmittelbar drohenden Angriffs erforderlich ist, kann für den Verteidigungsfall durch Bundesgesetz mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates die Verwaltung und das Finanzwesen des Bundes und der Länder abweichend von den Abschnitten VIII, VIIIa und X geregelt werden, wobei die Lebensfähigkeit der Länder, Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbände, insbesondere auch in finanzieller Hinsicht, zu wahren ist.”. These provisions support the STRUCTURE of German emergency law and nothing about its application. They record no instance of any regime being invoked, state no measure taken under one, and support no claim about any Land's own disaster-protection law or about any other country.LATER ADDITION. Read again from the same official English translation page and checked article by article against the authoritative German original at gesetze-im-internet.de/gg. Supports the LIMITATION architecture: Art. 19(1)-(2), “(1) Soweit nach diesem Grundgesetz ein Grundrecht durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden kann, muß das Gesetz allgemein und nicht nur für den Einzelfall gelten. Außerdem muß das Gesetz das Grundrecht unter Angabe des Artikels nennen. (2) In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden.”, and Art. 19(3)-(4) (basic rights apply to domestic legal persons so far as their nature permits; recourse to the courts where rights are violated by public authority, with the second sentence of Art. 10(2) expressly unaffected). Supports the RIGHTS-HOLDER finding, verified in the German text rather than the translation because the finding is about a word: Art. 8(1) “Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, sich ohne Anmeldung oder Erlaubnis friedlich und ohne Waffen zu versammeln”; Art. 9(1) “Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, Vereine und Gesellschaften zu bilden”; Art. 11(1) “Alle Deutschen genießen Freizügigkeit im ganzen Bundesgebiet”; Art. 12(1) “Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, Beruf, Arbeitsplatz und Ausbildungsstätte frei zu wählen” — against Art. 2(1) “Jeder hat das Recht auf die freie Entfaltung seiner Persönlichkeit”, Art. 3(1) “Alle Menschen sind vor dem Gesetz gleich”, and the two provisions that name no holder at all: Art. 10(1) “Das Briefgeheimnis sowie das Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnis sind unverletzlich” and Art. 13(1) “Die Wohnung ist unverletzlich”. Supports Art. 1(3), that the basic rights bind the legislature, the executive and the judiciary as directly applicable law. Supports Art. 2(2), that everyone has the right to life and physical integrity, that freedom of the person is inviolable, and that these rights may be interfered with only pursuant to a law. Supports the HOME provision in full: Art. 13(2) “Durchsuchungen dürfen nur durch den Richter, bei Gefahr im Verzuge auch durch die in den Gesetzen vorgesehenen anderen Organe angeordnet und nur in der dort vorgeschriebenen Form durchgeführt werden”; Art. 13(3), acoustic surveillance of a home on judicial order where particular facts justify suspicion of an especially serious crime specifically defined by law and alternative methods would be disproportionately difficult or unproductive, for a limited time, ordered by a panel of three judges (a single judge where time is of the essence); Art. 13(4), technical surveillance to avert acute dangers only on judicial order, with a subsequent judicial decision without delay where time was of the essence; Art. 13(5); Art. 13(6), annual reporting to the Bundestag and parliamentary oversight by an elected panel, with comparable oversight in the Länder; and Art. 13(7). Supports the COMMUNICATIONS provision: Art. 10(2), that restrictions may be ordered only pursuant to a law and that where the restriction serves to protect the free democratic basic order or the existence or security of the Federation or of a Land, the law may provide that the person affected shall not be informed and that recourse to the courts shall be replaced by review by agencies and auxiliary agencies appointed by the legislature. Supports Art. 103(1) (“Vor Gericht hat jedermann Anspruch auf rechtliches Gehör”) and Art. 104(1)-(4), including Art. 104(2) “Die Polizei darf aus eigener Machtvollkommenheit niemanden länger als bis zum Ende des Tages nach dem Ergreifen in eigenem Gewahrsam halten” and Art. 104(3), that a person provisionally detained on suspicion of an offence is brought before a judge no later than the day following arrest, who informs, examines, and either issues a written reasoned arrest warrant or orders release. VERIFIED NEGATIVE, and it is stated as a fact about the text and not about German law: the Grundgesetz contains no privilege against self-incrimination and no right to silence. An exhaustive search of the authoritative German text for “Selbstbelastung”, “schweigen”, “Aussage zu verweigern” and “Geständnis” returns zero occurrences, as does a search of the English translation for “incriminat”, “silent”, “silence”, “confession” and “witness against”. This record therefore does NOT support any claim that the principle is absent from German law — it supports only that it is absent from this constitutional text. The German text remains authoritative and the translation may lag later amendments.

Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) — official site

Bundeskriminalamt · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Bundeskriminalamt only. The office’s own site, read directly. Supports the official name "Bundeskriminalamt (BKA)", the English rendering it itself uses ("Federal Criminal Police Office"), its reference to a "gesetzlicher Auftrag", and that it "übernimmt Ermittlungen im Auftrag des Generalbundesanwalts". The page did NOT state which ministry supervises it, and no ministry is asserted from this source. Establishes nothing about the Landeskriminalämter.

Dienststellen — Polizei Berlin

Polizei Berlin (Land Berlin) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the police of the Land of Berlin only. The force’s own site, read directly. Supports the official name "Polizei Berlin", that it is the police of the city-state of Berlin, and that its territorial Direktionen each carry responsibility for "530.000 bis 850.000 Menschen". Establishes NOTHING about the other fifteen Länder, each of which runs its own force under its own police law.

Our Organisation — Royal Gibraltar Police

Royal Gibraltar Police · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Royal Gibraltar Police only. The force's own organisation page, read directly. Supports the official name, the force's own statement that it became operational in 1830 under the name Gibraltar Police, and that the prefix 'Royal' was conferred on 12 June 1992. It names the Gibraltar Police Authority. The page also makes superlative claims about the force's age relative to other forces; those are NOT published, because a superlative is a comparison this platform does not make.

2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Greece

U.S. Department of State (foreign-government report on Greece) · Government publication · 2022 · link verified 2026-07-26

The U.S. Department of State's 2022 Country Report on Greece, read directly. It is a FOREIGN-GOVERNMENT report ABOUT Greece, used here only because the Greek official sites (the Hellenic Police and the Ministry of Citizen Protection) returned HTTP 403 to automated requests; the publisher is named so the reader can see the source is not a Greek-government one. Supports the ministerial attribution: "Police are responsible for law enforcement … They are under the authority of the Ministry of Citizen Protection, which is also responsible for prison facilities … The Coast Guard … reports to the Ministry of Shipping Affairs and Island Policy … [the] armed forces are under the authority of the Ministry of National Defense", and that the Ministry of Citizen Protection runs the prisons "through the Secretariat General for Anticrime Policy". Cited for the current ministerial placement of the police and prisons; the exact instrument and date transferring corrections to Citizen Protection are not established from a primary source.

A Rendőrség feladata — A Rendőrség hivatalos honlapja

Országos Rendőr-főkapitányság (Hungary) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Hungarian police only. The force’s own page, read directly. Supports that the Rendőrség is an "állami, fegyveres rendvédelmi szerv" — a state armed law-enforcement body — whose basic task is the prevention and detection of crime and the protection of public safety, public order and the order of the state border; and, citing Act XXXIV of 1994 § 1(1), that beyond its constitutional duties its tasks include "a határforgalom ellenőrzése, a terrorizmus elleni küzdelem" and crime-prevention and crime-detection checks. Establishes nothing about any other Hungarian body.

A Rendőrség szervezete — A Rendőrség hivatalos honlapja

Országos Rendőr-főkapitányság (Hungary) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the organisational units of the Hungarian police. Read directly. Supports that the body carrying out general police tasks is divided into a central organ, the Országos Rendőr-főkapitányság, county (and capital) police headquarters (megyei, fővárosi rendőr-főkapitányság), police captaincies (rendőrkapitányság) and branch offices (kirendeltség); and that separate bodies exist for particular tasks — the Készenléti Rendőrség, the Repülőtéri Rendőr Igazgatóság, the Rendőrségi Oktatási és Kiképző Központ, the Nemzetközi Bűnügyi Együttműködési Központ and the Nemzetközi Oktatási Központ. The page NAMES those bodies without describing what each does, and no function is asserted for any of them.

The Constitution of India (as on 1 May 2024)

Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department) · Legislation · 1950-01-26 · link verified 2026-07-27

The official text of the Constitution of India published by the Ministry of Law and Justice, "As on 1st May, 2024". Supports the federal division of legislative power under the Seventh Schedule (Article 246): List II (State List) Entry 1 "Public order", Entry 2 "Police (including railway and village police)", Entry 4 "Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions… and persons detained therein" — so police, public order and prisons are exclusive STATE subjects; List III (Concurrent List) Entry 1 "Criminal law…", Entry 2 "Criminal procedure…", Entry 11A "Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts" — so the criminal codes and subordinate-court organisation are concurrent (national); and List I (Union List) Entry 8 "Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation". Also supports Article 50 (separation of the judiciary from the executive), Article 124 (the Supreme Court of India), Article 141 (Supreme Court law binding on all courts), Article 214 ("There shall be a High Court for each State"), and Article 235 (High Court control over district and subordinate courts).

Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police (UU 2/2002), Pasal 8

Pemerintah Republik Indonesia (via the official legal-database hosts) · Legislation · 2002 · link verified 2026-07-27

Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police, Pasal 8, confirmed verbatim in two independent passes. Supports Pasal 8(1) — "Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia berada di bawah Presiden" (the Indonesian National Police is under the President) — and Pasal 8(2) (the Chief of Police, Kapolri, is responsible to the President). Establishes that POLRI is a single national force reporting directly to the President rather than to a ministry.

Garda Síochána Act 2005

Houses of the Oireachtas (Irish Statute Book) · Legislation · 2005 · link verified 2026-09-19

THIS RECORD WAS RE-READ AND RE-ADDRESSED. It previously cited the enacted-text address and described the content as read through a web search service’s copy of the page. That address now serves, but what it serves is the Act's landing page, and none of the propositions below was readable there. The Statute Book's own onward link goes to the Law Reform Commission's REVISED (consolidated) text, which is the address now cited and which carries them. THE ORIGIN FACTS ARE NOT IN THE ACT: that the Civic Guard was formed in 1922 and renamed in 1923 comes from An Garda Síochána's own history page and is attributed there, not here. Supports: that An Garda Síochána is the national police service governed by the Garda Síochána Act 2005; that its statutory function is to provide policing and security services to the State;. Supports the unitary national character of the force; it does not support any operational detail. Stated as sourced facts.

About us — An Garda Síochána

An Garda Síochána · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-13

SCOPE: An Garda Síochána only. The force's own about page, read directly. Supports the official name 'An Garda Síochána' — which is the Irish-language name and is itself the official designation, not a translation of an English one — and that garda.ie is the force's own site. CORRECTED on 2026-10-10: this record also cited the force's self-description as "Ireland's National Police and Security Service". Neither this page nor the site's English home page serves that phrase to a direct request any more, so it is no longer claimed from here; that policing and security sit in one organisation rests on the statutory function in ie-garda-act-2005. The page carries NO statement of the establishing statute or of jurisdiction; those rest on ie-garda-act-2005. Establishes nothing about any other force.

Organisational structure — An Garda Síochána

An Garda Síochána · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: An Garda Síochána only. The force’s own structure page, read directly. Supports the full list of ranks in the order the force gives them — "Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Chief Superintendent, Superintendent, Inspector, Sergeant, Garda, Reserve Garda" — and the command correspondence it states: a division is commanded by a Chief Superintendent, a district by a Superintendent assisted by Inspectors, and a sub-district is normally the responsibility of a Sergeant. Establishes NOTHING about promotion, time in rank, pay, or any other police service.

Law No. 121 of 1 April 1981 (new organisation of the public-security administration)

Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri — Ufficio Studi (official government text) · Legislation · 1981-04-01 · link verified 2026-07-26

The official government text of Law 121/1981, as published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale of 10 April 1981, without later amendments. On 10 October 2026 Normattiva, the state's database of law in force, showed Articles 16 and 17 in force unamended since 25 April 1981; this copy does not itself establish that. Art. 16 lists the police forces: the Polizia di Stato plus "a) l'Arma dei carabinieri, quale forza armata in servizio permanente di pubblica sicurezza; b) il Corpo della guardia di finanza", and (Art. 16(2)) the custodial and forestry corps. Art. 17 provides that judicial-police functions "sono svolte alla dipendenza e sotto la direzione dell'autorità giudiziaria" (are carried out under the dependence and direction of the judicial authority). Establishes the multiple national police forces and that criminal investigation is directed by the prosecuting magistracy.

Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza (Department of Public Security)

Ministero dell'Interno (Italian Ministry of the Interior) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

The Ministry of the Interior's own page on the Department of Public Security, read directly. Supports that the Department holds the "coordinamento tecnico-operativo delle Forze di polizia" (technical-operational coordination of the police forces) and "la direzione e amministrazione della Polizia di Stato" — establishing the central national coordination of Italy's several police forces from the Interior Ministry.

Compiti, funzioni e dipendenze — Arma dei Carabinieri

Arma dei Carabinieri · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Arma dei Carabinieri only. The Arma’s own page, read directly. Supports its dual status under Decreto legislativo 66/2010 as a "Forza armata" and as a police force "in servizio permanente di pubblica sicurezza"; that as an armed force it depends "tramite il Capo di Stato Maggiore della Difesa, dal Ministro della Difesa", and functionally on the Minister of the Interior "quale Forza di polizia" for public order and security; and its stated functions including "controllo del territorio, ai servizi di ordine pubblico, alla tutela degli interessi diffusi" and judicial-police functions under the judicial authority. Does NOT support operational method of any kind.

Jamaica Constabulary Force

Jamaica Constabulary Force · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-10-10

SCOPE: the Jamaica Constabulary Force only. The force's own site, read directly. Supports the official name and the force's own published statement that it is committed to protecting lives and property, preventing crime, and strengthening public confidence "through professional service, innovation, and meaningful partnerships with the communities we serve" (wording as read on 2026-10-10; an earlier reading recorded it without "innovation"). The site carries crime-trend claims in its news items; none is published. No statement of the force's governing statute was read, and none is claimed. The site uses the abbreviation JCF for the force throughout.

Police of Japan 2020

National Police Agency (NPA), Japan · Government publication · 2020 · link verified 2026-09-13

The NPA's own English overview, dated 2020; figures and wording read directly from the report. Supports: that the National Public Safety Commission (NPSC) and the National Police Agency (NPA) constitute the national police organisation and the NPSC supervises the NPA; that the Police Act empowers the national government to establish a central police organisation 'to control and supervise prefectural police forces on matters of national concern'; that the NPSC 'draws up basic policies and regulations, coordinates police administration on matters of national concern and sets general standards'; that each prefecture has 'the authority to carry out police duties'; that Regional Police Bureaus are subordinate to the NPA; that police boxes (Koban) and residential police boxes (Chuzaisho) are subordinate units of police stations; that the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department is the prefectural police of Tokyo; and that 'the Prime Minister is not empowered to exercise direct command or control over the Commission'. CRUCIALLY, it supports national COORDINATION, STANDARDS and SUPERVISION ON MATTERS OF NATIONAL CONCERN, with operational policing carried out by the prefectures — NOT a single nationally commanded operational police force. Does not support operational detail. RE-READ on 2026-09-13 for its rank section, which supports verbatim: ‘Police officers are divided into nine ranks: Superintendent General, Senior Commissioner, Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant, and Police Officer. On top of the nine ranks, the highest position in the Japanese police is held by the NPA Commissioner General.’ It also supports that newly promoted Sergeants and Inspectors train at regional police schools and that a Chief Inspector Appointment Course is run at the National Police Academy.

National Police Service Act (Cap. 84), Laws of Kenya — section 87, Internal Affairs Unit

National Council for Law Reporting (Kenya Law) · Legislation · 2011 · link verified 2026-09-19

Section 87 of the National Police Service Act, in the consolidated version as at 15 September 2023, now cited as Cap. 84. Supports: that an Internal Affairs Unit is established within the National Police Service, headed by an assistant Inspector-General and reporting through that officer directly to the Inspector-General; that its functions are to receive and investigate complaints against the police, to promote uniform standards of discipline and good order in the Service, and to keep a record of complaints and investigations; that it recommends disciplinary action to the Inspector-General and does not itself impose discipline, save that the Inspector-General may in exceptional cases authorise it to undertake disciplinary proceedings; and that "the Unit shall not be subject to the control, direction or command of the Kenya Police, Administration Police or the Directorate". Cited for the Unit’s internal position and its statutory insulation from operational command. It is the only statutory body named "Internal Affairs" established anywhere in this platform’s research, and is not evidence of a global institution family.

Misija, vīzija, vērtības — Valsts policija

Valsts policija · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Latvian Valsts policija only. The force's own mission, vision and values page in Latvian, read directly. Supports the official Latvian name and the force's own statement of mission: protecting the interests of the person, society and state in cooperation with people and organisations, observing the principles of legality and neutrality, ensuring public order, and taking responsibility for the internal security of the state. The page is dated 28.08.2025 by its own publication stamp. The Law on Police was NOT fetched and no statutory claim rests on this source.

Organisation — Landespolizei Liechtenstein

Landespolizei Fürstentum Liechtenstein · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Liechtenstein Landespolizei only. The force's own organisation page in German, read directly. Supports the official German name and the force's own list of tasks: ensuring public safety and order, conducting investigations under the Code of Criminal Procedure, supervising traffic on public roads, supporting accident and crime prevention, searching for missing persons, and providing help in accidents and disasters. It also supports the internal division into Polizeikommando, Sicherheits- und Verkehrspolizei and the further units the page names.

Votre Police — Police Grand-Ducale

Police Grand-Ducale · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-17

SCOPE: the Police Grand-Ducale only. The force's own 'Votre Police' page in French, read directly. Supports the official French name, the Luxembourgish motto ZESUMME FIR IECH, and the force's own statement that it is a national service charged with ensuring internal security, that it contributes to the protection of individual freedoms and rights, and that it acts through preventive, proactive, dissuasive and repressive action. Site and station counts on the page describe an arrangement that changes and are not published. THE EARLIER READING OF THIS PAGE WAS WRONG, or has been overtaken. It was recorded as carrying the motto rather than the national-service statement. The motto is there, in a sentence that says what it translates and where it is displayed, and the scope anchors on it.

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (1917, current text)

Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación / official constitutional text · Legislation · 1917-02-05 · link verified 2026-07-27

The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (1917), confirmed against the Supreme Court's per-article texts and a current-text mirror in two independent passes (the consolidated official PDF at diputados.gob.mx was unreachable). Supports Art. 17 (federal and local laws shall guarantee the independence of the courts); Art. 40 (a representative, democratic, secular and federal Republic of free and sovereign States and Mexico City); Art. 124 (residual powers reserved to the States or Mexico City); Art. 73-XXI (Congress legislates federal crimes and organized crime, and enacts a single national code of criminal procedure, sentence execution and juvenile justice governing both the federal and the common order); Art. 94 (the Supreme Court of nine Ministers, plus a judicial-administration body and a Judicial Discipline Tribunal); Art. 102-A (the Public Prosecution of the Federation is organised as an autonomous public body, the Fiscalía General de la República); Art. 21 (public security is a shared function of the Federation, the states and the municipalities; the investigation of crimes corresponds to the Public Prosecutor with the police under its conduct and command); Art. 18 (the penitentiary system, organised for social reinsertion); Art. 96 and Art. 116-III (judges elected by direct citizen vote — see the 2024 reform); and Art. 102-B (the human-rights commissions and their non-binding recommendations).

Organisation of the Dutch police

Government of the Netherlands · Government publication · link verified 2026-10-10

Government of the Netherlands topic page, read directly. Supports: there is one national police force, headed by one Commissioner, consisting of 10 Regional Units, the Central Unit and the Police Services Centre; and that the minister responsible — the page, read on 2026-10-10, still uses the ministry’s earlier name, "Minister of Security and Justice" — has full ministerial accountability for the proper functioning of the police. The statutory basis is the Politiewet 2012 (Police Act 2012); the exact article text was not quoted because the official consolidated-legislation site wetten.overheid.nl was unreachable, and the substance is established by this government page.

Koninklijke Marechaussee — Ministerie van Defensie

Ministerie van Defensie (Netherlands) · Government publication · link verified 2026-10-10

SCOPE: the Koninklijke Marechaussee only. The Ministry of Defence’s own page on the Koninklijke Marechaussee, read directly. MOVED: the page this record cited, defensie.nl/organisatie/marechaussee, answered HTTP 404 from 2026-10-05; on 2026-10-10 the ministry’s own homepage linked the same content at this address, which carries every statement used here verbatim. Supports the official name "Koninklijke Marechaussee" and that it is a "krijgsmachtdeel van Defensie" — a component of the armed forces under the Ministry of Defence — while separately carrying police tasks, for which the Ministry directs readers to marechaussee.nl. Establishes the DUAL character and the ministry; it does NOT enumerate the police tasks, and none is asserted from it beyond their existence.

Policing Act 2008 (New Zealand), s 16 — reprint as at 1 July 2013

Parliament of New Zealand (via a police-human-rights-resources mirror) · Legislation · 2008 · link verified 2026-07-27

The Policing Act 2008 (Public Act 2008 No 72) in the official reprint as at 1 July 2013, served by a police-human-rights-resources mirror rather than by the New Zealand legislation website, which refuses automated requests. The mirror establishes the text of that reprint, not the Act's current text: whether s 16 has been amended since 1 July 2013 is not established here. Supports s 16(1) (the Commissioner of Police is responsible to the Minister for carrying out the functions of the Police, its general conduct and management, and giving effect to lawful ministerial directions) and s 16(2) (the Commissioner "must act independently of" any Minister regarding the maintenance of order, the enforcement of the law, "the investigation and prosecution of offences", and decisions about individual employees). Establishes a single national police force and its operational independence from ministers on investigations.

Structure — New Zealand Police

New Zealand Police · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the organisational structure of New Zealand Police. Supports that "New Zealand Police is divided into 12 districts, 9 in the North Island and 3 in the South", and that the Commissioner of Police is the chief executive. The page does not set out in the text read what functions sit at national level or how groups relate to districts, and nothing is claimed about either from it.

Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (text predating the Third Alteration Act 2010)

National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria (official text host) · Legislation · 1999 · link verified 2026-10-10

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as published by the National Human Rights Commission. This copy predates the Third Alteration Act 2010: its section 6(5) does not list the National Industrial Court, which that Act added, and its Second Schedule still lists "Prisons" as Exclusive List item 48, which the Fifth Alteration (No. 15) Act 2023 deleted. It is cited for the provisions it states, not as the current text, and no consolidated official text was found. Supports: s 4 and the Second Schedule (the division of legislative power — the Exclusive Legislative List for the Federation, the Concurrent List for both, and residual matters for the States under s 4(7)); Exclusive List item 45 and s 214(1) ("There shall be a police force for Nigeria, which shall be known as the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provisions of this section no other police force shall be established for the Federation or any part thereof" — a single national police); s 6(5) as enacted (the superior courts of record — the federal Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Federal High Court and FCT High Court, and the State High Courts, Sharia Courts of Appeal and Customary Courts of Appeal; the National Industrial Court was added in 2010); s 230/233/235 (the Supreme Court as apex, its decisions final); s 237 (the Court of Appeal); s 275/280 (State Sharia and Customary Courts of Appeal, headed by a Grand Kadi); s 150/174 (the Attorney-General of the Federation, a Minister and Chief Law Officer, with power to institute, take over or discontinue federal prosecutions) and s 195/211 (each State Attorney-General with the mirror power for state offences); s 215 (the Inspector-General commanding the Nigeria Police Force, with the President's lawful-directions power); s 153 and the Third Schedule (the National Judicial Council, the Police Service Commission and the Nigeria Police Council); and s 81(3)/292 (judicial funding through the NJC and security of tenure). Exclusive List item 48 ("Prisons") is cited only as the position before 3 March 2023. Each provision cited here was re-read in this copy on 10 October 2026 and checked against every alteration Act found: the First, Second and Third Alteration Acts 2010, read; the five Fourth Alteration Acts of 2017–2018, by their titles only (state legislative and judicial finance, political parties and elections, re-election after completing a term, pre-election matters, and minimum ages); and the seventeen Fifth Alteration Acts of 2023, by their titles, with Nos. 6, 9, 12, 15 and 23 read. Two cited provisions changed, as stated above: s 6(5), to which the Third Alteration added the National Industrial Court, and Exclusive List item 48, which the Fifth Alteration (No. 15) deleted. Four were reworded, and what is cited from them still holds: s 81(3), which the First Alteration substituted to add the electoral commission and the National Assembly while still paying the judiciary’s share to the National Judicial Council for disbursement; s 233, which the Second Alteration substituted while keeping the Supreme Court’s exclusive jurisdiction over appeals from the Court of Appeal; and s 292 and the National Judicial Council’s paragraphs of the Third Schedule, to which the Third Alteration added the National Industrial Court. No other provision cited here was altered by any of those Acts. A Constitution (Sixth Alteration) Bill 2026, which would provide for state police, had been sent to the State Houses of Assembly and was not law when checked. Establishes that Nigeria is a federation in which the police are federal, while courts, prosecution and (residually) criminal law operate at both the federal and state levels.

Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000, section 1 (Name of the police in Northern Ireland) — legislation.gov.uk

The National Archives (United Kingdom) · Legislation · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: what body the police of Northern Ireland legally are, and what it is called. Nothing about governance, nothing about functions, and nothing about any officer. The official consolidated text, read directly. Supports s. 1(1), that "the body of constables known as the Royal Ulster Constabulary SHALL CONTINUE IN BEING AS THE POLICE SERVICE OF NORTHERN IRELAND (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary)" — so the service is constituted in law as a CONTINUATION of the body that preceded it rather than as a new one, and its full statutory name contains the former name in parentheses. Supports s. 1(2), that the same body "shall be STYLED FOR OPERATIONAL PURPOSES the Police Service of Northern Ireland" — the Act therefore gives the body two names and says which is for operational use. Supports s. 1(3) and (4), that the Royal Ulster Constabulary Reserve likewise continues in being as the Police Service of Northern Ireland Reserve. The section is shown as extending to Northern Ireland (N.I.). Establishes nothing about the Reserve beyond its continuation and name, nothing about what the service does, and nothing about how it is governed.

Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000, section 3 (General functions of the Board) — legislation.gov.uk

The National Archives (United Kingdom) · Legislation · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: what the Act makes the Northern Ireland Policing Board responsible for. Nothing about how it exercises any of it, and nothing about any individual matter. The official consolidated text, read directly. Supports s. 3(1), that "THE BOARD SHALL SECURE THE MAINTENANCE OF THE POLICE IN NORTHERN IRELAND", and s. 3(2), that it shall secure that the police, the police support staff and traffic wardens appointed under s. 71 "are efficient and effective". Supports s. 3(3)(a), that in carrying out those functions the Board shall "HOLD THE CHIEF CONSTABLE TO ACCOUNT for the exercise of his functions and those of the police, the police support staff and traffic wardens". Supports s. 3(3)(b), that the Board shall monitor the performance of the police in carrying out the general duty under s. 32(1), in complying with the Human Rights Act 1998, and in carrying out the policing plan. Supports s. 3(3)(c) and (d), that the Board shall keep itself informed as to the workings of the police complaints and disciplinary provisions, trends in complaints, trends in crime, trends in recruitment, and the extent to which the membership of the police and support staff is representative of the community, and shall assess the effectiveness of measures taken to secure that representativeness and of the code of ethics issued under s. 52. THE SECTION CARRIES AMENDED AND REPEALED PARAGRAPHS: some subparagraphs are shown as substituted or omitted, and only the operative text read is relied on. The section is shown as extending to Northern Ireland (N.I.). Establishes nothing about how accountability is exercised in any instance.

Organisasjonen — Politiet

Politiet (Norwegian Police Service) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-13

SCOPE: the organisational units of the Norwegian police. The service’s own organisation page, read directly. Supports that the service comprises Politidirektoratet, twelve named politidistrikter (Agder, Finnmark, Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, Nordland, Oslo, Sør-Vest, Sør-Øst, Troms, Trøndelag, Vest, Øst) and særorganer including Kripos, Nasjonalt ID-senter, Politiets fellestjenester, Politiets IT-enhet, Politihøgskolen, Utrykningspolitiet and Økokrim. The page lists these units WITHOUT describing what each does, so no function is asserted for any særorgan from this source, and the position of PST is not established by it. A NOTE ON WHAT THIS PAGE SERVES: the unit list reaches a direct request as part of the site’s own navigation rather than as page prose, so this record establishes the NAMES of the units and nothing about any of them.

About Us — Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary only. The constabulary's own about page, read directly. Supports the official name, its status as the national police force of Papua New Guinea, the 1942 amalgamation of the former separate police forces of Papua and New Guinea, its subjection under the Constitution to the control of the National Executive Government through a minister, and the constitutional statement of its primary functions as preserving peace and good order and maintaining and enforcing the law impartially and objectively. The Constitution itself was NOT fetched; the constitutional wording rests on the constabulary's own quotation of it.

Law of 6 April 1990 on the Police (Ustawa o Policji), consolidated

Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (ISAP / ELI legal-acts service) · Legislation · 1990-04-06 · link verified 2026-09-19

The consolidated Law on the Police (Dz.U. 1990 nr 30 poz. 179), fetched from the Sejm's official ELI service and confirmed verbatim. Supports Art. 1(1) (the Police established as a single uniformed, armed formation to protect citizens' safety and maintain public order) and Art. 5(1) (the central organ of state administration in these matters is the Chief Commissioner of Police, Komendant Główny Policji, subordinate to the Minister of Internal Affairs) — establishing a single national police force under the interior ministry, with subordinate voivodeship and county commands that are internal territorial units of the one national Police.

Law 49/2008 — Organisation of Criminal Investigation (LOIC), consolidated text as at 12 November 2021

Diário da República (via the Polícia Judiciária official site) · Legislation · 2008-08-27 · link verified 2026-07-26

The Diário da República's consolidated text of the LOIC as at 12 November 2021, hosted on the Polícia Judiciária site. The Law has since been amended by Lei 24/2022 and Lei 2/2023, which this copy does not show. Compared on 10 October 2026 with the Diário da República's consolidated version as at 16 January 2023 (as reproduced on EUR-Lex): Articles 2 and 3 are unchanged, and Article 7(2), amended by Lei 2/2023, still reserves a listed set of crimes to the Polícia Judiciária. Supports Art. 2(1) ("a direcção da investigação cabe à autoridade judiciária competente em cada fase do processo" — direction of the investigation belongs to the competent judicial authority at each stage) and Art. 2(4) (the criminal-police bodies act under the direction and functional dependence of that authority); Art. 3(1) naming the three general-competence criminal-police bodies — the Polícia Judiciária (PJ), the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR) and the Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP); and Art. 7(2) reserving the most serious crimes to the Polícia Judiciária.

Missão — Guarda Nacional Republicana

Guarda Nacional Republicana (Portugal) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Guarda Nacional Republicana only. The Guard’s own mission page, read directly. Supports verbatim that it is "uma força de segurança de natureza militar, constituída por militares organizados num corpo especial de tropas"; that its mission is to "assegurar a legalidade democrática, garantir a segurança interna e os direitos dos cidadãos, bem como colaborar na execução da política de defesa nacional"; that it depends on the government member responsible for internal administration and, in defence and emergency situations, operationally on the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; and that its areas of responsibility relative to the other security forces are fixed by ministerial instrument. Establishes nothing about the PSP.

About us — Police Scotland

Police Scotland (Poileas Alba) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: Police Scotland only. The service’s own about page, read directly. Supports verbatim that "Police Scotland was established on 1 April 2013"; that it polices "the whole of Scotland, some 28,168 square miles, covering a third of the United Kingdom’s landmass"; and that "The Scottish Police Authority (SPA) was established at the same time as Police Scotland". The page does NOT name the enabling statute, and none is asserted from it. Establishes nothing about policing in England, Wales or Northern Ireland.

Singapore Police Force — official site

Singapore Police Force (Ministry of Home Affairs) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

The Singapore Police Force's own site, read directly. Supports that "the Singapore Police Force (SPF) is a uniformed organisation under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs" — a single national police force under the interior ministry, with no state or municipal police.

Police, Defence and Intelligence — South African Government

Government of South Africa (gov.za) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the South African police portfolio. The government’s own page, read directly. Supports that the Department of Police is "responsible for law-enforcement services, policy determination, direction and overall execution of the department’s mandate in relation to relevant legislation"; that section 206 of the Constitution of 1996 is the basis on which the Minister of Police determines national policing policy; and that the National Police Commissioner "answers directly to the Minister of Police". The page does NOT set out section 205 or the provincial commissioner structure, and neither is asserted from it.

Act on the Organization and Operation of National Police and Autonomous Police (국가경찰과 자치경찰의 조직 및 운영에 관한 법률), Act No. 20727 — English translation

Korea Legislation Research Institute — Korea Law Translation Center · Legislation · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: what this Act constitutes — which bodies exist, where they sit, and how police work is organised regionally. NOT what any of them does, and nothing about policing practice. TRANSLATION STATUS: the publisher states that "Translations provided here are for reference only, and are neither official nor legally effective"; the KOREAN TEXT IS AUTHORITATIVE, and this record is cited for institutional structure rather than as the authentic instrument. Legal currency as shown on the document: "Act No. 20727, Jan. 31, 2025", "Wholly Amended by Act No. 17689, Dec. 22, 2020", then amended by Act No. 17990 (Mar. 30, 2021), Act No. 19023 (Nov. 15, 2022) and Act No. 20727 (Jan. 31, 2025); the competent body is shown as 경찰청, the National Police Agency. Supports Art. 12, that the "National Police Agency shall be established under the control of the Minister … to administer affairs concerning public security". Supports Art. 7, that "The Korean National Police Commission shall be established in the Ministry … to deliberate and resolve on matters concerning national police administration", comprising seven members including one chairperson. Supports Art. 13, headed "Agencies taking partial charge of police duties in regional areas", that a Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan City, Do or Special Self-Governing Province "shall have a City/Do police agency, and police stations shall be established under the authority of the commissioner of the City/Do police agency". Supports the chapter structure: Chapter II the National Police Commission, Chapter III the National Police Agency, Chapter IV the COMMITTEE on City/Do Autonomous Police, Chapter V City/Do police agencies and police stations. WHAT THIS DOES NOT SUPPORT, AND THE DISTINCTION MATTERS: the Act creates regional AGENCIES of the police and a COMMITTEE structure for autonomous police matters. It does not, on the provisions read, create separate territorial police forces, and this record must not be cited for that. A TRANSLATION INCONSISTENCY, RECORDED RATHER THAN RESOLVED: the same ministerial office is rendered "Minister of Public Administration and Security" four times and "Minister of the Interior and Safety" five times in this one translation, so the ministry’s English name is not settled by this document and is not asserted anywhere. A THIRD NAME APPEARS AND IS NOT COUNTED AS A FOURTH INCONSISTENCY: Addendum Article 6 speaks of dispositions made by "the Minister of Home Affairs … UNDER THE FORMER PROVISIONS", which is a transitional provision about the arrangement that this Act replaced. Whether that names the same office under an earlier title, or a different office, was not established and is not claimed. COMMENCEMENT IS NOW ESTABLISHED, FROM THE ADDENDA OF THE SAME DOCUMENT: "ADDENDA <Act No. 17689, Dec. 22, 2020> Article 1 (Enforcement Date) THIS ACT SHALL ENTER INTO FORCE ON JANUARY 1, 2021." This platform previously withheld the date because nothing read gave it, not because this document was unsuitable — and the Addenda sit on the same page as the structural provisions already cited from it, so the date carries exactly the caveat they do and no more. Addendum Article 2 permits preparations and pilot operation before entry into force, including "the composition of the National Investigation Headquarters and a City/ Do autonomous police committee"; Article 3(2) requires any pilot operation to be "completed by June 30, 2021"; Articles 4 and 5 deem the former police committee to be the Korean National Police Commission and a former "local police agency" to be a "City/ Do police agency". THE AUTHENTIC KOREAN TEXT WAS NOT READ. The national law portal serves a shell for the canonical permalink, and the only routes that returned the statute required guessing an opaque record identifier, which this platform does not do. So the date rests on a reference translation whose publisher disclaims legal effect, and that dependency is stated wherever the date appears.

Constitution of the Republic of Korea (1948, wholly revised 1987) — English translation

Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute) · Legislation · 1987 · link verified 2026-07-27

The Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute) English translation of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea (originally 1948, wholly revised in the ninth amendment of 1987, in force from 25 February 1988), read directly and re-confirmed. An UNOFFICIAL translation; the Korean text is authoritative. Supports Art. 3 (the territory is the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands — a single indivisible unitary state); Art. 12 (warrants issued by a judge "upon the request of a prosecutor"); Art. 101 (judicial power vested in courts); Art. 103 ("Judges shall rule independently according to their conscience and in conformity with the Constitution and law"); Art. 106 (tenure — removal only by impeachment or criminal punishment); Art. 107 (a court doubting a statute's constitutionality refers the question to the Constitutional Court — concentrated review); Arts. 111–113 (the Constitutional Court's jurisdiction, nine adjudicators, and the six-vote requirement); and Arts. 117–118 (local self-government limited to local administrative/welfare matters, not justice).

Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad

Boletín Oficial del Estado (boe.es), BOE-A-1986-6859 · Legislation · 1986-03-13 · link verified 2026-09-19

The organic law of the security forces, read in full for the relevant articles. Supports the THREE tiers of security forces: the Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado (national), the police of the Autonomous Communities, and the local police. Names the two national forces (art. 9): 'a) El Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, que es un Instituto Armado de naturaleza civil, dependiente del Ministro del Interior. b) La Guardia Civil, que es un Instituto Armado de naturaleza militar...' — so the Guardia Civil is a militarily-organised force, not merely rural police. Provides the framework within which the Autonomous Communities that so provide in their Statutes create their own police forces.

Policía Nacional — portal oficial

Dirección General de la Policía (Ministerio del Interior, Spain) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-13

SCOPE: the Spanish national police only. The official portal, read directly. Supports that policia.es is the official web presence, operated by the "Dirección General de la Policía de España", and the citizen-facing services it lists (DNI and passport appointments, immigration formalities, reporting offences, recruitment competitions, public-safety advice). The page did NOT state the supervising ministry; that rests on es-lofcs art. 9(a). Establishes nothing about the Guardia Civil or the autonomous-community forces.

Ertzaintza — official site (Eusko Jaurlaritza)

Ertzaintza, Segurtasun Saila, Eusko Jaurlaritza (Basque Government) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Ertzaintza only. The force’s own site, read directly. Supports the official name "Ertzaintza"; that it is the police of the Basque Autonomous Community; and that it sits within the Segurtasun Saila (Security Department) of the Eusko Jaurlaritza — the Basque Government, not the Spanish state administration. The framework under which an autonomous community may create its own force rests on es-lofcs. Establishes nothing about the Mossos d’Esquadra or about the Foral Police of Navarre.

Naturaleza militar — Guardia Civil

Dirección General de la Guardia Civil (Spain) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Guardia Civil only. The Corps’ own institutional page, read directly. Supports verbatim that "Tal y como establece la Ley Orgánica 2/1986 tiene ‘naturaleza militar’" and that "el Instituto responde a su tradicional doble dependencia de los Ministerios de Defensa e Interior". Establishes the military character and the dual ministerial dependence. It does NOT establish the territorial division of work between the Guardia Civil and the Policía Nacional, and nothing is claimed about it here.

The Swedish Police Authority

Polismyndigheten (Swedish Police Authority) · Government publication · link verified 2026-09-19

The Swedish Police Authority's own English page, read directly and re-confirmed. Supports that the police are a single national authority comprising "7 Police Regions", "25 Police Districts" and "95 Local Police Districts", the Office of the National Police Commissioner, and a Department of Special Investigations; that it is "led by National Police Commissioner Petra Lundh"; and that the Department of Special Investigations investigates, on the direction of the Special Prosecution Office, complaints against police officials, prosecutors, judges and members of Parliament. The single-national-authority merger (from 21 regional authorities, 2015) is well attested but only secondary-sourced, so the date is not asserted as primary-verified.

National cooperation — fedpol (Federal Office of Police)

Federal Office of Police fedpol (fedpol.admin.ch) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

fedpol's own account of police cooperation. URL CORRECTED on 2026-09-17: the previously cited path (/fedpol/en/home/polizei-zusammenarbeit/national.html) now returns HTTP 404 after a site reorganisation, and was found by the source monitor rather than by a person noticing. The replacement was read directly and carries the same three statements verbatim: 'Unlike many other countries, Switzerland does not have a national police force'; 'Instead, responsibility for maintaining public order lies with the police forces of its communes, cities and cantons'; and 'Fedpol is not a superordinate authority, but works alongside these police forces to safeguard internal and external security'. Establishes that policing is primarily cantonal and that fedpol does not command the cantonal police. Structural facts only.

About — Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Trinidad and Tobago Police Service · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service only. The service's own about page, read directly. Supports the official name and the service's own published vision and mission: to make every place in Trinidad and Tobago safe, and, in partnership with citizens, to provide for safe and secure communities through professional policing, focused leadership and consistent, high quality service. No statement of the service's governing statute was read, and none is claimed. The page uses the abbreviation TTPS for the service.

History of the Uganda Police Force — Uganda Police Force

Uganda Police Force · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Uganda Police Force only. The force's own history page, read directly. Supports the official name, its own statement of vision and mission, its formation as the Uganda Armed Constabulary in 1899 and reorganisation as the Uganda Protectorate Police in 1906, and its description of itself as constitutionally mandated under the 1995 Constitution with the tasks of protecting life and property, preserving law and order, preventing and detecting crime, and maintaining internal security. The Constitution itself was NOT fetched; the constitutional description rests on the force's own account.

Закон України «Про Національну поліцію» (№ 580-VIII), статті 1 і 2 — статус поліції та завдання

Верховна Рада України — Законодавство України · Legislation · 2015-07-02 · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the National Police as its own Act constitutes it. The official consolidated Ukrainian text, read directly from the print route. Supports Art. 1(1), that the National Police «це центральний орган виконавчої влади, який служить суспільству шляхом забезпечення охорони прав і свобод люди[ни]» — a central executive body, which places it inside the executive rather than as an independent agency. Supports Art. 2, that its tasks are «надання поліцейських послуг у сферах: 1) забезпечення публічної безпеки і порядку; 2) охорони прав і свобод людини…». The statute frames the whole function as the PROVISION OF POLICING SERVICES rather than as the exercise of authority, which is a drafting choice worth noticing and not one this platform will characterise further. This record establishes nothing about the ministry above the police, about other law-enforcement bodies, or about how a complaint against an officer is handled.

28 U.S. Code § 533 (Investigative and other officials; appointment)

Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (reproducing the United States Code) · Legislation · link verified 2026-07-24

Verbatim: the Attorney General may appoint officials '(1) to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States'. The statutory basis for federal investigative authority (the FBI is established under this and related provisions). Supports that federal investigative authority is tied to crimes AGAINST THE UNITED STATES — i.e. federal offences — and preserves the investigative authority assigned by law to other agencies. Does NOT support any claim of general federal jurisdiction over all crime, nor any operational detail.

What We Do — Duties and Operations, U.S. Marshals Service

United States Marshals Service (usmarshals.gov) · Government publication · link verified 2026-07-24

The agency's own description. Supports that the U.S. Marshals Service is the enforcement arm of the federal courts, and that its duties include protecting the federal judiciary, apprehending federal fugitives (with the broadest arrest authority among federal law-enforcement agencies), housing and transporting federal prisoners, managing seized assets and operating the Witness Security Program; and that it ASSISTS state and local agencies with fugitives rather than commanding them. Supports the federal judicial-enforcement role only; not operational detail.

Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2018 — Statistical Tables

Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice · Government publication · 2018 · link verified 2026-09-19

Reference date June 2018. Supports that 17,541 general-purpose state and local law-enforcement agencies performed law-enforcement functions in the United States, of which about 67% were local (municipal) police departments, 17% sheriffs' offices, and 15% primary state, tribal, special-jurisdiction agencies, constables and marshals, together employing about 1,214,000 full-time personnel. Supports the FRAGMENTATION of US policing across thousands of separately governed agencies. Does NOT support any per-state figure or any claim about a specific agency.

About NYPD — New York City Police Department

City of New York (nyc.gov) · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the New York City Police Department only. The Department’s own city-government page, read directly. Supports the official name "New York City Police Department (NYPD)"; that it is "the largest and one of the oldest municipal police departments in the United States"; that it polices "an 8.5-million-person city, by performing a wide variety of public safety, law enforcement, traffic management, counterterror, and emergency response roles"; and its structure of 78 patrol precincts, 12 transit districts and nine police service areas. Staffing figures on the page are the Department’s own approximations and are NOT republished as current. Establishes nothing about any other US agency.

About the Zambia Police Service — Zambia Police Service

Zambia Police Service · Institutional (self-description) · link verified 2026-09-19

SCOPE: the Zambia Police Service only. The service's own about page, read directly. Supports the official name and the service's own statement that its establishment and functions are governed by the Constitution of Zambia and the Zambia Police Act, Chapter 107 of the Laws of Zambia, and that the Inspector-General of Police, subject to the direction of the President, has overall command and control. Neither the Constitution nor Chapter 107 was fetched; both references rest on the service's own citation of them. The page uses the abbreviation ZPS for the service.