Indonesia
Sources for Indonesia
Every source used for the Indonesia pages, what each supports, how it was accessed, and where its scope ends.
Facts on this page were checked against their sources on .
The Indonesia pages rest on the 1945 Constitution, the Police Law (UU 2/2002) and the Prosecution Law (UU 11/2021), the State Secretariat for the new codes, the Ministry of Immigration and Corrections, the Aceh special-autonomy laws, and the World Prison Brief. Each was confirmed on 27 July 2026 and independently re-checked; the load-bearing constitutional and statutory passages were confirmed verbatim against official Indonesian hosts, and the World Prison Brief figures re-confirmed by hand.
The full register, with the precise scope and stated limitations of every source, is published in the repository at docs/research/indonesia-source-register.md.
Sources
Sources
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 (UUD 1945, as amended 1999–2002)
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia (Constitutional Court of Indonesia) · Legislation · 1945 · link verified 2026-07-27
The 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945, as amended in four rounds 1999–2002), confirmed against the Constitutional Court and other official hosts in two independent passes. Supports Pasal 1(1) ("The State of Indonesia is a unitary state in the form of a Republic"); Pasal 18 (the unitary state is divided into provinces, regencies and cities with regional governments); Pasal 24(1) ("The judicial power is an independent power to administer justice"); Pasal 24(2) (judicial power is exercised by a Mahkamah Agung over the general, religious, military and administrative court environments, and by a Mahkamah Konstitusi); Pasal 24B (the Judicial Commission, Komisi Yudisial); and Pasal 24C (the Constitutional Court reviews the constitutionality of statutes at first and final instance). Establishes the unitary state, the national judiciary, and the dual-apex court structure.
Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police (UU 2/2002), Pasal 8
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia (via the official legal-database hosts) · Legislation · 2002 · link verified 2026-07-27
Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police, Pasal 8, confirmed verbatim in two independent passes. Supports Pasal 8(1) — "Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia berada di bawah Presiden" (the Indonesian National Police is under the President) — and Pasal 8(2) (the Chief of Police, Kapolri, is responsible to the President). Establishes that POLRI is a single national force reporting directly to the President rather than to a ministry.
Law No. 11 of 2021 amending the Law on the Prosecution Service (Kejaksaan), Pasal 2
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia (via the official legal-database hosts) · Legislation · 2021 · link verified 2026-07-27
Law No. 11 of 2021 (amending Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Prosecution Service), Pasal 2, confirmed verbatim. Supports that the Prosecution Service (Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia) is "a government institution exercising state power in the field of prosecution … independently, free from the influence of governmental power and other powers" — that is, functionally independent in prosecutorial decisions but institutionally within the executive branch, headed by the Attorney-General (Jaksa Agung).
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (setneg.go.id) · Government publication · 2026-01-02 · link verified 2026-07-27
The State Secretariat's announcement, confirmed in two independent passes (and corroborated by the Supreme Court), that the Government officially brought into force, on 2 January 2026, both the national Criminal Code (KUHP, Law No. 1 of 2023 — replacing the Dutch-colonial Wetboek van Strafrecht) and a new Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP, Law No. 20 of 2025). Establishes the two enacted, now-in-force national codes.
Ministry of Immigration and Corrections (Kementerian Imigrasi dan Pemasyarakatan), Indonesia
Kementerian Imigrasi dan Pemasyarakatan (Indonesia) · Government publication · link verified 2026-07-27
The Ministry of Immigration and Corrections, confirmed in two independent passes (with Presidential Regulation No. 157 of 2024, signed 5 November 2024, which created it). Supports that prisons are now run by this ministry — created in a 2024 machinery-of-government split of the former Ministry of Law and Human Rights — through the Directorate-General of Corrections (Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan). Cited because the World Prison Brief's own ministry label ("Ministry of Justice and Human Rights") is out of date.
Law No. 11 of 2006 on the Governing of Aceh, and Qanun Aceh No. 6 of 2014 (Hukum Jinayat)
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia / Pemerintah Aceh (via official hosts) · Legislation · 2006 · link verified 2026-07-27
Law No. 11 of 2006 on the Governing of Aceh (following the 2005 Helsinki peace agreement) and Qanun Aceh No. 6 of 2014 (Hukum Jinayat, the Islamic criminal by-law), confirmed in two independent passes. Supports that the Province of Aceh exercises a statutory special-autonomy grant to apply Islamic criminal law (qanun jinayat) to Muslims in Aceh through the Sharia courts (Mahkamah Syar'iyah) — which remain part of the national religious-court environment under the Supreme Court. Establishes Aceh as a bounded special-autonomy feature within the unitary state, not a federal transfer of the justice function.
World Prison Brief — Indonesia
Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR), Birkbeck, University of London · Academic · link verified 2026-07-27
The World Prison Brief country page for Indonesia (compiled by ICPR from the national prison administration), read directly and re-confirmed by hand on the day of authoring — its figures had been updated since the research pass, so the current values are used. Supports a total prison population of 287,571 including pre-trial detainees at 30 June 2026 (source: the national prison administration); a rate of 99 per 100,000 (UN population estimate); an official capacity of 152,707 at the same date; and an occupancy level of 188.3% at 30 June 2026 — severe overcrowding, with population and capacity carrying the same reference date. The page's "ministry responsible" label ("Ministry of Justice and Human Rights") is out of date; the current ministry is recorded separately.