Indonesia
Oversight and accountability in Indonesia
A human-rights commission, an ombudsman, a constitutional judicial commission, a police commission reporting to the President, and a contested anti-corruption commission.
Facts on this page were checked against their sources on .
- National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM)
- An independent national human-rights commission (Law No. 39 of 1999) that studies, monitors and mediates human-rights matters.
- Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia
- The national body (Law No. 37 of 2008) that oversees maladministration in public services by state administrators.
- Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial)
- A constitutional body (Pasal 24B) that proposes candidates for Supreme Court justice and guards the conduct, honour and dignity of judges.
- National Police Commission (Kompolnas)
- A body under and reporting to the President (Presidential Regulation 17/2005) that advises on police policy and on the appointment and dismissal of the Chief of Police, and receives public complaints — an advisory oversight body, not an independent complaints tribunal; internal police discipline runs through POLRI's own division.
- Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)
- The anti-corruption commission (Law No. 30 of 2002, amended by Law No. 19 of 2019). The 2019 amendment reclassified it as a body within the executive branch and added a Supervisory Board; whether this narrowed its independence is assessed differently by different sources, and this site records the change by attribution rather than taking a view.
The same idea, explained generally
- Why do justice systems need oversight?
Justice institutions hold coercive powers, often operate out of public view, and make decisions that are hard to reverse. This guide explains the oversight mechanisms built to detect and correct errors, and their limits.
- What is justice?
Justice is the principle that people should be treated according to rules that apply equally to everyone, decided by bodies that are authorised, constrained, and answerable. This guide explains what that means institutionally.
Sources
Sources
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 (UUD 1945, as amended 1999–2002)
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia (Constitutional Court of Indonesia) · Legislation · 1945 · link verified 2026-07-27
The 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945, as amended in four rounds 1999–2002), confirmed against the Constitutional Court and other official hosts in two independent passes. Supports Pasal 1(1) ("The State of Indonesia is a unitary state in the form of a Republic"); Pasal 18 (the unitary state is divided into provinces, regencies and cities with regional governments); Pasal 24(1) ("The judicial power is an independent power to administer justice"); Pasal 24(2) (judicial power is exercised by a Mahkamah Agung over the general, religious, military and administrative court environments, and by a Mahkamah Konstitusi); Pasal 24B (the Judicial Commission, Komisi Yudisial); and Pasal 24C (the Constitutional Court reviews the constitutionality of statutes at first and final instance). Establishes the unitary state, the national judiciary, and the dual-apex court structure.