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Public Safety

Is "public safety" just a broader word for policing?

No. Where statutes define the field, policing is one named partner among several — fire, emergency medicine, technical utilities, civil protection. Two constitutions and two statutes list the members, and in none of them does one body hold the field.

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In short

Public safety is the field of institutions responsible for protecting people from harm — and the useful question is not what the phrase means in the abstract but which bodies a legal system actually puts inside it. Four systems answer that in their own texts, and in none of them is the answer "the police".

Why it exists

AnalysisA society facing a flood, a chemical release or a collapsed building needs several capabilities at once: someone to keep order, someone to pull people out, someone to treat them, someone to restore water and power, and someone to plan for all of it beforehand. Those are different skills held by different organisations, and the legal question is how they are made to work as one.

How it works

Switzerland names the members of the field in a statute, and the police are item (a) of five. Article 3(2) of the Bevölkerungs- und Zivilschutzgesetz lists the partner organisations that work together: die Polizei zur Aufrechterhaltung von Sicherheit und Ordnung, the fire service for rescue and damage control, the health system including emergency medical services, the technical utilities for the availability of indispensable goods and services, and civil protection itself.

Czechia puts the same idea in its constitutional order. Article 3(1) of the constitutional act on the security of the Czech Republic provides that the security of the Republic is secured by ozbrojené síly, ozbrojené bezpečnostní sbory, záchranné sbory a havarijní služby — the armed forces, the armed security corps, the rescue corps and the emergency services. Four categories, and the police are inside one of them rather than being the whole.

Article 3(2) then does something the other texts do not: it places State bodies, territorial self-government bodies, and legal and natural persons under a duty to participate in securing the security of the State, with the scope of that duty left to statute.

Spain defines the field by its object rather than by its members. Article 1 of Ley 17/2015 provides that civil protection, como instrumento de la política de seguridad pública, is the public service that protects persons and property by guaranteeing an adequate response to emergencies and catastrophes of natural origin or arising from human action, whether accidental or intentional.

Brazil shows why the assumption fails even inside a policing provision. Article 144 of the 1988 Constitution lists the organs through which public security is exercised, and one of them is the corpos de bombeiros militares — the military fire brigades. Paragraph 5 gives the military police ostensive policing and preservation of public order, and gives the fire brigades, beyond their statutory duties, the execution of civil-defence activities.

AnalysisArticle 144 is also, on its face, the ordinary allocation rather than an emergency one. Nothing in it is conditioned on a declaration, which is worth noticing before reaching any page about emergency powers: most of what a state does about public safety happens under ordinary law, on an ordinary day.

Common misconceptions

Widely held beliefs that do not match how the system actually operates.

  • Common belief: Public safety is another way of saying policing.

    In practice: It is not. Switzerland’s Article 3(2) BZG names five partner organisations and the police are one of them; Czechia’s constitutional act names four categories of body; Brazil puts military fire brigades in the same constitutional list as its police forces.

  • Common belief: Every public-safety body is a law-enforcement body.

    In practice: No. Fire services, emergency medical services and technical utilities appear in these statutes as partners with defined functions, and none of those functions is enforcement.

  • Common belief: Public safety is what happens after something goes wrong.

    In practice: Most of it is not. Spain defines civil protection as a public service guaranteeing an adequate response, and the section it belongs to is built on planning, risk assessment and coordination that happen long before any incident.

  • Common belief: Every country divides the field the same way.

    In practice: They do not. Switzerland and Czechia enumerate the bodies, Spain states the purpose, and Brazil places a fire service inside its constitutional public-security article. Reading any one of those as the general rule misdescribes the others.

  • Common belief: Public-safety powers only exist during an emergency.

    In practice: Brazil’s Article 144 is the ordinary allocation and is not conditioned on any declaration. Most public-safety work is done under ordinary law.

How this varies between jurisdictions

A required section on every guide. Arrangements differ between countries, and we say how.

Four systems, three drafting techniques.

  • An enumerated list of partner organisations, each with a stated function — Switzerland, BZG Art. 3(2).
  • An enumerated list of categories at constitutional level, plus a participation duty — Czechia, ústavní zákon č. 110/1998 Sb. Čl. 3.
  • A statutory definition by object, with the bodies following from it — Spain, Ley 17/2015 Art. 1.
  • A closed constitutional list of public-security organs that includes a rescue service — Brazil, CF Art. 144.

Rights and accountability

AnalysisKnowing which body holds a function is the precondition for holding anyone to account for it. Where several organisations operate in the same space, a person harmed by a failure has to know whose failure it was, and a statute that names the partner and its function answers that question in advance.

AnalysisIt matters in the other direction too. Powers that belong to a police force — and the oversight arrangements that attach to them — do not travel to a fire service or a utility merely because both are in the same statutory list. Each partner is named with the function it holds, and no more.

What we could not establish

  • Four systems are described from primary text. What any other system means by the phrase was not researched, and the English words "public safety" translate imperfectly into every language quoted here.
  • Fire, rescue and emergency-medical services are named on this page as statutory partners. They were reached only through integrated-system statutes, and none is described as a discipline.

Where to go next

Related: what civil protection is, entering emergency call handling, who is in charge in an emergency, and police and law enforcement are not the same thing.

Sources

  1. Bundesgesetz vom 20. Dezember 2019 über den Bevölkerungsschutz und den Zivilschutz (Bevölkerungs- und Zivilschutzgesetz, BZG; SR 520.1), Arts. 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14–16, 29, 86 and 87

    Bundeskanzlei der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (Fedlex) · Legislation · 2019-12-20 · link verified 2026-08-26

    The consolidated German text on Fedlex, in the version in force, read directly. URL NOTE, recorded because it is a real trap and a status probe cannot detect it: Fedlex ELI permalinks of the form /eli/cc/… return HTTP 200 while serving a JavaScript application shell containing no legal text. The url on this record is the filestore HTML that was actually fetched and read. Supports Bundesgesetz vom 20. Dezember 2019 über den Bevölkerungsschutz und den Zivilschutz (BZG, SR 520.1), Arts. 2 and 3: “Art. 3 Führungsorgane, Partnerorganisationen und Dritte [..] 2 Als Partnerorganisationen arbeiten zusammen: a. die Polizei zur Aufrechterhaltung von Sicherheit und Ordnung; b. die Feuerwehr zur Rettung und zur Sicherstellung der Schadenwehr; c. das Gesundheitswesen, einschliesslich des sanitätsdienstlichen Rettungswesens, zur medizinischen Versorgung der Bevölkerung; d. die technischen Betriebe, insbesondere zur Gewährleistung der Verfügbarkeit von unverzichtbaren Gütern und Dienstleistungen für die Bevölkerung; e. der Zivilschutz zum Schutz und zur Rettung der Bevölkerung, zur Betreuung schutzsuchender Personen sowie zur Führungsunterstützung und zur Unterstützung der anderen Partnerorganisationen.”. Supports BZG (SR 520.1), Art. 3(2)(a), read with Art. 14(1): “a. die Polizei zur Aufrechterhaltung von Sicherheit und Ordnung;”. Supports BZG (SR 520.1), Art. 7: “Art. 7 Führung und Koordination. 1 Der Bund übernimmt die Führung und die Koordination bei Katastrophen und Notlagen, für deren Bewältigung er zuständig ist, sowie bei bewaffneten Konflikten. 2 Er kann im Einvernehmen mit den betroffenen Kantonen die Koordination und allenfalls die Führung bei Ereignissen übernehmen, die mehrere Kantone, die ganze Schweiz oder das grenznahe Ausland betreffen. 3 Das Koordinationsorgan des Bundes für den Bevölkerungsschutz ist der Bundesstab Bevölkerungsschutz.”. Supports BZG (SR 520.1), Arts. 14, 15 and 16: “Art. 14 Allgemeine Aufgaben. 1 Die Kantone regeln insbesondere die Ausbildung, die Führung und die Einsätze der Partnerorganisationen im Bevölkerungsschutz sowie der weiteren Stellen und Organisationen. 2 Sie regeln die interkantonale Zusammenarbeit. Art. 15 Führung und Koordination. Die Kantone sind für die folgenden Führungsaufgaben zuständig: a. Bildung von Führungsorganen zur Sicherstellung der Führungsfähigkeit und der Bewältigung von Grossereignissen, Katastrophen und Notlagen; b. Koordination der Vorsorgeplanungen, der Vorbereitungen und der Einsätze der Partnerorganisationen sowie der weiteren Stellen und Organisationen; c. Sicherstellung der Bereitschaft im Bevölkerungsschutz im Hinblick auf bewaffnete Konflikte.”. Supports BZG (SR 520.1), Arts. 86 and 87: “Art. 86 Beschwerden gegen letztinstanzliche kantonale Verfügungen. 1 In Streitigkeiten nicht vermögensrechtlicher Natur kann gegen letztinstanzliche kantonale Verfügungen beim Bundesverwaltungsgericht Beschwerde geführt werden; ausgenommen ist der Bereich des Aufgebotswesens.”. Cited for the finding that Swiss Bevölkerungsschutz is constituted as a SYSTEM OF NAMED PARTNER ORGANISATIONS under cantonal command rather than as an agency, and for the statutory conditions on which command escalates to the Confederation. It names no cantonal instrument, describes no deployment procedure, and supports no claim about any other country.

  2. Ústavní zákon č. 110/1998 Sb., o bezpečnosti České republiky, Čl. 2, 3, 5–12 (Czech original text)

    Poslanecká sněmovna Parlamentu České republiky · Legislation · 1998 · link verified 2026-08-26

    The Czech constitutional act on the security of the Czech Republic, read directly on the Chamber of Deputies' own site. This is the single most useful instrument in this wave for showing that a system can operate several graded emergency regimes with different declaring authorities. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 5(1)-(3): “Cl. 5 (1) Vlada muze vyhlasit nouzovy stav v pripade zivelnich pohrom, ekologickych nebo prumyslovych havarii, nehod nebo jineho nebezpeci, ktere ve znacnem rozsahu ohrozuji zivoty, zdravi nebo majetkove hodnoty anebo vnitrni poradek a bezpecnost. (2) Nouzovy stav nemuze byt vyhlasen z duvodu stavky vedene na ochranu prav a opravnenych hospodarskych a socialnich zajmu. (3) Je-li nebezpeci z prodleni, muze vyhlasit nouzovy stav predseda vlady. Jeho rozhodnuti vlada do 24 hodin od vyhlaseni schvali nebo zrusi.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 6(1): “Čl. 6 (1) Nouzový stav se může vyhlásit jen s uvedením důvodů na určitou dobu a pro určité území. Současně s vyhlášením nouzového stavu musí vláda vymezit, která práva stanovená ve zvláštním zákoně a v jakém rozsahu se v souladu s Listinou základních práv a svobod omezují a které povinnosti a v jakém rozsahu se ukládají. Podrobnosti stanovi zakon.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 6(2), first sentence: “(2) Nouzový stav se může vyhlásit nejdéle na dobu 30 dnů.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 6(2), second sentence: “Uvedená doba se může prodloužit jen po předchozím souhlasu Poslanecké sněmovny.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 6(3): “(3) Nouzový stav končí uplynutím doby, na kterou byl vyhlášen, pokud vláda nebo Poslanecká sněmovna nerozhodnou o jeho zrušení před uplynutím této doby.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 7: “Čl. 7 (1) Parlament může na návrh vlády vyhlásit stav ohrožení státu, je-li bezprostředně ohrožena svrchovanost státu nebo územní celistvost státu anebo jeho demokratické základy. (2) K přijetí usnesení o vyhlášení stavu ohrožení státu je třeba souhlasu nadpoloviční většiny všech poslanců a souhlasu nadpoloviční většiny všech senátorů.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 10: “Čl. 10 Jestliže po dobu nouzového stavu, stavu ohrožení státu nebo válečného stavu podmínky na území České republiky neumožní konat volby ve lhůtách, které jsou stanoveny pro pravidelná volební období, lze zákonem lhůty prodloužit, nejdéle však o šest měsíců.”. Supports Ustavni zakon c. 110/1998 Sb., Cl. 3: “Čl. 3 (1) Bezpečnost České republiky zajišťují ozbrojené síly, ozbrojené bezpečnostní sbory, záchranné sbory a havarijní služby. (2) Státní orgány, orgány územních samosprávných celků a právnické a fyzické osoby jsou povinny se podílet na zajišťování bezpečnosti České republiky. Rozsah povinností a další podrobnosti stanoví zákon.”. ENCODING NOTE, recorded because it changes how this record may be used and was found by adversarial review: psp.cz serves these pages in Windows-1250 without a charset declaration that survives an automated fetch, and the excerpts here were first captured with their diacritics stripped, which made a Czech phrase printed on a page unfindable in the record cited for it. The passages this platform quotes have been restored to correct Czech orthography. Any excerpt still shown without diacritics is a transcription of substance rather than a verbatim quotation, and no page quotes one. Cited for the GRADED structure of Czech emergency regimes and for the fact that the declaring authority differs by tier. It records no instance of any regime being declared, states no measure that may be taken under one — those sit in the krizový zákon, cited separately — and supports no claim about any other country.

  3. Ley 17/2015, de 9 de julio, del Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil, Arts. 1, 3, 28–30, 37 and 39 (texto consolidado)

    Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) · Legislation · 2015-07-09 · link verified 2026-08-26

    The consolidated Castilian text on the BOE, read directly. Spain is one of the few systems that defines civil protection in a statute by its object rather than by listing the bodies that do it. Supports Ley 17/2015, de 9 de julio, del Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil, Arts. 1, 3 and 39: “Artículo 1. Objeto y finalidad. 1. La protección civil, como instrumento de la política de seguridad pública, es el servicio público que protege a las personas y bienes garantizando una respuesta adecuada ante los distintos tipos de emergencias y catástrofes originadas por causas naturales o derivadas de la acción humana, sea ésta accidental o intencionada. 2. El objeto de esta ley es establecer el Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil como instrumento esencial para asegurar la coordinación, la cohesión y la eficacia de las políticas públicas de protección civil, y regular las competencias de la Administración General del Estado en la materia.”. Supports Ley 17/2015, de 9 de julio, Art. 37: “Artículo 37. Las Fuerzas Armadas. La Unidad Militar de Emergencias. 1. La colaboración de las Fuerzas Armadas en materia de protección civil se efectuará principalmente mediante la Unidad Militar de Emergencias [..] 3. La intervención de la Unidad Militar de Emergencias, valoradas las circunstancias, se solicitará por el Ministro del Interior y será ordenada por el titular del Ministerio de Defensa. Reglamentariamente se establecerá el régimen de sus intervenciones. 4. La Unidad Militar de Emergencias, en caso de emergencia de interés nacional, asumirá la dirección operativa de la misma, actuando bajo la dirección del Ministro del Interior.”. Supports Ley 17/2015, de 9 de julio, Arts. 28, 29 and 30: “Artículo 28. Definición. Son emergencias de interés nacional: 1. Las que requieran para la protección de personas y bienes la aplicación de la Ley Orgánica 4/1981, de 1 de junio, reguladora de los estados de alarma, excepción y sitio. [..] Artículo 29. Declaración. En los supuestos previstos en el artículo anterior, corresponderá la declaración de interés nacional al titular del Ministerio del Interior [..] Artículo 30. Efectos. 1. Declarada la emergencia de interés nacional, el titular del Ministerio del Interior asumirá su dirección, que comprenderá la ordenación y coordinación de las actuaciones y la gestión de todos los recursos estatales, autonómicos y locales del ámbito territorial afectado, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en la ley para los estados de alarma, excepción y sitio, y en la normativa específica sobre seguridad nacional.”. Supports Ley 17/2015, de 9 de julio, Art. 37: “Artículo 37. Las Fuerzas Armadas. La Unidad Militar de Emergencias. 1. La colaboración de las Fuerzas Armadas en materia de protección civil se efectuará principalmente mediante la Unidad Militar de Emergencias [..] 3. La intervención de la Unidad Militar de Emergencias, valoradas las circunstancias, se solicitará por el Ministro del Interior y será ordenada por el titular del Ministerio de Defensa. Reglamentariamente se establecerá el régimen de sus intervenciones. 4. La Unidad Militar de Emergencias, en caso de emergencia de interés nacional, asumirá la dirección operativa de la misma, actuando bajo la dirección del Ministro del Interior.”. Cited for the statutory DEFINITION of civil protection as a public service, for the multi-level structure of the Sistema Nacional, for the sub-constitutional escalation called an emergencia de interés nacional, and for the route by which the armed forces participate. It names no Autonomous Community instrument, none of which was read, and supports no claim about any other country.

  4. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988

    Presidência da República — Casa Civil (Planalto) · Legislation · 1988-10-05 · link verified 2026-07-25

    The authoritative Portuguese text, read in full. THE backbone of the Brazil pages. Supports: the federation of the Union, the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities, 'todos autônomos' (Art. 18; Art. 1); separation of powers (Art. 2); the criminal-justice guarantees of Art. 5 — devido processo legal (LIV), contraditório e ampla defesa (LV), presumption of innocence 'ninguém será considerado culpado até o trânsito em julgado de sentença penal condenatória' (LVII), and habeas corpus (LXVIII); that penal and procedural law are the EXCLUSIVE (privativa) competence of the Union (Art. 22, I) while direito penitenciário is CONCURRENT (Art. 24, I) and the States hold the reserved/residual competences (Art. 25 §1); public security through the six órgãos of Art. 144 (I polícia federal; II rodoviária federal; III ferroviária federal; IV polícias civis; V polícias militares e corpos de bombeiros militares; VI polícias penais, added by EC 104/2019), with the polícias civis 'dirigidas por delegados de polícia de carreira' exercising 'as funções de polícia judiciária e a apuração de infrações penais, exceto as militares' (§4), the polícias militares holding 'a polícia ostensiva e a preservação da ordem pública' (§5), and both subordinate to the Governors (§6); the Judiciary organs of Art. 92 (STF, CNJ, STJ, TST, TRFs/Juízes Federais, and the labour, electoral, military and state courts), the STF as guardian of the Constitution (Art. 102), the CNJ (Art. 103-B) and state justice (Art. 125); the Ministério Público as 'instituição permanente, essencial à função jurisdicional do Estado' defending 'a ordem jurídica, o regime democrático e os interesses sociais e individuais indisponíveis', with autonomy and the principles of unidade, indivisibilidade e independência funcional (Art. 127), its structure MPU (MPF/MPT/MPM/MPDFT) + MPE (Art. 128), its functions including promoting 'privativamente, a ação penal pública' (Art. 129 I) and the inquérito civil / ação civil pública for interesses difusos e coletivos (Art. 129 III), and the CNMP (Art. 130-A); and that the Union organizes and maintains the Judiciary, Ministério Público and police of the Federal District (Art. 21, XIII–XIV). The Portuguese text alone has legal effect. WAVE 12 ADDITION, further clauses of Art. 5 read directly from the same Planalto text: XXXV a lei não excluirá da apreciação do Poder Judiciário lesão ou ameaça a direito; XXXVI the law shall not impair a vested right, a perfect juridical act or res judicata; XXXVII não haverá juízo ou tribunal de exceção; XXXIX não há crime sem lei anterior que o defina, nem pena sem prévia cominação legal; XL a lei penal não retroagirá, salvo para beneficiar o réu; LVI evidence obtained by unlawful means is inadmissible in the process; LXXV the State shall indemnify a person convicted by judicial error and one held beyond the term fixed in the sentence; LXXVIII reasonable duration of proceedings and the means guaranteeing the speed of their handling, in the judicial and administrative spheres. WAVE 14 ADDITION, further provisions read directly from the same Planalto text: Art. 5º LXXIV “o Estado prestará assistência jurídica integral e gratuita aos que comprovarem insuficiência de recursos”; Art. 5º LXXVI that civil birth registration and the death certificate are free, in the form of the law, for the recognisedly poor; Art. 5º LXXVII that actions of habeas corpus and habeas data are free, as are, in the form of the law, the acts necessary to the exercise of citizenship; Art. 103-B § 4º that the Conselho Nacional de Justiça has competence for “o controle da atuação administrativa e financeira do Poder Judiciário e do cumprimento dos deveres funcionais dos juízes”, including safeguarding the autonomy of the Judiciary and issuing regulatory acts (I), reviewing the legality of administrative acts of members or organs of the Judiciary and annulling, revising or setting a period for compliance (II), and receiving complaints against members or organs of the Judiciary including its auxiliary services and delegated notarial and registry services, taking over disciplinary proceedings in course and ordering removal, availability or retirement and applying other administrative sanctions (III); Art. 133 “O advogado é indispensável à administração da justiça, sendo inviolável por seus atos e manifestações no exercício da profissão, nos limites da lei”; and Art. 134 in its current wording, that the Defensoria Pública is a permanent institution essential to the jurisdictional function of the State, incumbent on it, as an expression and instrument of the democratic regime, fundamentally to provide legal guidance, the promotion of human rights and the defence, in all degrees, judicial and extrajudicial, of the individual and collective rights of the needy. WAVE 20 ADDITION. Read from the same Planalto text. Brazil states its emergency architecture as a closed system: two regimes, an exhaustive list of measures for each, and an express preservation of liability afterwards. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 136, caput: “Art. 136. O Presidente da República pode, ouvidos o Conselho da República e o Conselho de Defesa Nacional, decretar estado de defesa para preservar ou prontamente restabelecer, em locais restritos e determinados, a ordem pública ou a paz social ameaçadas por grave e iminente instabilidade institucional ou atingidas por calamidades de grandes proporções na natureza.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 136 § 2º, added after adversarial review found this platform quoting it from a record that did not carry it, and re-verified against the Planalto text: “§ 2º O tempo de duração do estado de defesa não será superior a trinta dias, podendo ser prorrogado uma vez, por igual período, se persistirem as razões que justificaram a sua decretação.” Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 136 §1º, I–II: “I - restrições aos direitos de: a) reunião, ainda que exercida no seio das associações; b) sigilo de correspondência; c) sigilo de comunicação telegráfica e telefônica; II - ocupação e uso temporário de bens e serviços públicos, na hipótese de calamidade pública, respondendo a União pelos danos e custos decorrentes.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 136 §3º, I–IV: “§ 3º Na vigência do estado de defesa: I - a prisão por crime contra o Estado, determinada pelo executor da medida, será por este comunicada imediatamente ao juiz competente, que a relaxará, se não for legal, facultado ao preso requerer exame de corpo de delito à autoridade policial; II - a comunicação será acompanhada de declaração, pela autoridade, do estado físico e mental do detido no momento de sua autuação; III - a prisão ou detenção de qualquer pessoa não poderá ser superior a dez dias, salvo quando autorizada pelo Poder Judiciário; IV - é vedada a incomunicabilidade do preso.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 136 §§4º–7º: “§ 4º Decretado o estado de defesa ou sua prorrogação, o Presidente da República, dentro de vinte e quatro horas, submeterá o ato com a respectiva justificação ao Congresso Nacional, que decidirá por maioria absoluta. § 5º Se o Congresso Nacional estiver em recesso, será convocado, extraordinariamente, no prazo de cinco dias. § 6º O Congresso Nacional apreciará o decreto dentro de dez dias contados de seu recebimento, devendo continuar funcionando enquanto vigorar o estado de defesa. § 7º Rejeitado o decreto, cessa imediatamente o estado de defesa.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 138, caput: “Art. 138. O decreto do estado de sítio indicará sua duração, as normas necessárias a sua execução e as garantias constitucionais que ficarão suspensas, e, depois de publicado, o Presidente da República designará o executor das medidas específicas e as áreas abrangidas.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 139: “Art. 139. Na vigência do estado de sítio decretado com fundamento no art. 137, I, só poderão ser tomadas contra as pessoas as seguintes medidas: I - obrigação de permanência em localidade determinada; II - detenção em edifício não destinado a acusados ou condenados por crimes comuns; III - restrições relativas à inviolabilidade da correspondência, ao sigilo das comunicações, à prestação de informações e à liberdade de imprensa, radiodifusão e televisão, na forma da lei; IV - suspensão da liberdade de reunião; V - busca e apreensão em domicílio; VI - intervenção nas empresas de serviços públicos; VII - requisição de bens. Parágrafo único. Não se inclui nas restrições do inciso III a difusão de pronunciamentos de parlamentares efetuados em suas Casas Legislativas, desde que liberada pela respectiva Mesa.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 141 and parágrafo único: “Art. 141. Cessado o estado de defesa ou o estado de sítio, cessarão também seus efeitos, sem prejuízo da responsabilidade pelos ilícitos cometidos por seus executores ou agentes. Parágrafo único. Logo que cesse o estado de defesa ou o estado de sítio, as medidas aplicadas em sua vigência serão relatadas pelo Presidente da República, em mensagem ao Congresso Nacional, com especificação e justificação das providências adotadas, com relação nominal dos atingidos e indicação das restrições aplicadas.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 60 §§1º and 4º: “§ 1º A Constituição não poderá ser emendada na vigência de intervenção federal, de estado de defesa ou de estado de sítio. […] § 4º Não será objeto de deliberação a proposta de emenda tendente a abolir: I - a forma federativa de Estado; II - o voto direto, secreto, universal e periódico; III - a separação dos Poderes; IV - os direitos e garantias individuais.”. Supports Constituição de 1988, Art. 142, caput and §1º: “Art. 142. As Forças Armadas, constituídas pela Marinha, pelo Exército e pela Aeronáutica, são instituições nacionais permanentes e regulares, organizadas com base na hierarquia e na disciplina, sob a autoridade suprema do Presidente da República, e destinam-se à defesa da Pátria, à garantia dos poderes constitucionais e, por iniciativa de qualquer destes, da lei e da ordem. § 1º Lei complementar estabelecerá as normas gerais a serem adotadas na organização, no preparo e no emprego das Forças Armadas.”. Cited for the closed lists of permitted measures, the immediate judicial communication of an arrest, the congressional role, the express preservation of liability for unlawful acts after the regime ends, and the bar on amending the Constitution while one is in force. It records no declaration of either regime and supports no claim about any other country.WAVE 21 ADDITION. Article 5 read incisum by incisum from the same Planalto consolidated text. Supports the caput, and specifically its rights-holder scope: “Todos são iguais perante a lei, sem distinção de qualquer natureza, garantindo-se aos brasileiros e aos estrangeiros residentes no País a inviolabilidade do direito à vida, à liberdade, à igualdade, à segurança e à propriedade, nos termos seguintes”. Supports Art. 5º X: “são invioláveis a intimidade, a vida privada, a honra e a imagem das pessoas, assegurado o direito a indenização pelo dano material ou moral decorrente de sua violação”. Supports Art. 5º XI: “a casa é asilo inviolável do indivíduo, ninguém nela podendo penetrar sem consentimento do morador, salvo em caso de flagrante delito ou desastre, ou para prestar socorro, ou, durante o dia, por determinação judicial” — note that judicial authorisation is textually confined to daytime, which is the narrowest such qualifier found in this wave. Supports Art. 5º XII: “é inviolável o sigilo da correspondência e das comunicações telegráficas, de dados e das comunicações telefônicas, salvo, no último caso, por ordem judicial, nas hipóteses e na forma que a lei estabelecer para fins de investigação criminal ou instrução processual penal” — the exception reaches the LAST-NAMED category only, requires a judicial order, and is confined to criminal investigation or criminal procedural instruction. Supports Art. 5º LIV (“ninguém será privado da liberdade ou de seus bens sem o devido processo legal”), LV (contraditório and ampla defesa in judicial and administrative proceedings), LVI (“são inadmissíveis, no processo, as provas obtidas por meios ilícitos”) and LVII. Supports Art. 5º LXI: “ninguém será preso senão em flagrante delito ou por ordem escrita e fundamentada de autoridade judiciária competente, salvo nos casos de transgressão militar ou crime propriamente militar, definidos em lei”. Supports LXII (arrest and place of custody communicated immediately to the competent judge and to the family or a person indicated). Supports LXIII: “o preso será informado de seus direitos, entre os quais o de permanecer calado, sendo-lhe assegurada a assistência da família e de advogado” — a constitutional notification duty coupled with a silence right, and worded for “o preso”. Supports LXIV, LXV (“a prisão ilegal será imediatamente relaxada pela autoridade judiciária”) and LXVI. Supports § 1º (“As normas definidoras dos direitos e garantias fundamentais têm aplicação imediata”), § 2º (rights expressed in the Constitution do not exclude others deriving from the regime and principles it adopts, or from international treaties to which Brazil is party) and § 3º (“Os tratados e convenções internacionais sobre direitos humanos que forem aprovados, em cada Casa do Congresso Nacional, em dois turnos, por três quintos dos votos dos respectivos membros, serão equivalentes às emendas constitucionais”, added by Emenda Constitucional nº 45 de 2004). VERIFIED NEGATIVE: Article 5 contains no general limitation clause of the Canadian, South African, Kenyan or Swiss kind; limits appear inside individual incisos. Constitutional text only — no decision of the Supremo Tribunal Federal, no statute, nothing about any other country.