Corrections
Is there one prison system in a country?
Frequently not. Custody is split by level of government, by sentence length, or by both — and where it is split, a national prison figure is an aggregation of separate systems rather than a measurement of one.
In short
Asking who runs prisons in a country usually produces more than one answer. Custody may be administered nationally by a ministry, divided between levels of government, divided by the length of the sentence, or combined with community supervision in a single agency. The arrangement is not a detail of organisation — it determines what a national statistic can mean and what a reader can ask for.
Why it exists
AnalysisThe variation follows constitutional structure rather than penal policy. Where the constitution allocates the administration of justice to sub-national units, prisons usually go with it; where the constitution does not, they usually do not. Nobody designs a prison system in isolation from the state it sits in.
How it works
Japan administers custody nationally. The Ministry of Justice states that prisons, juvenile prisons and detention houses are collectively referred to as penal institutions, and that these are under its jurisdiction and under the supervision of its Correction Bureau together with eight regional correction headquarters as field offices.
Canada splits custody by the length of the sentence. The administration of justice is provincial under section 92(14) of the Constitution Act 1867 while the criminal law is federal, and the practical division in corrections is that sentences of two years or more are federal, administered by Correctional Service Canada, while shorter sentences and remand are provincial or territorial.
Brazil splits by federal unit. Article 71 of the Lei de Execução Penal places the national penitentiary department under the Ministry of Justice as the federal executive body, while Article 74 provides that the local penitentiary department, or a similar body, supervises and coordinates the penal establishments of the federal unit to which it belongs — so each state runs its own prisons.
Germany reaches a similar outcome by a general constitutional rule rather than a penal one. Prisons are administered by the Länder, following Article 83 of the Basic Law, under which the Länder execute federal laws in their own right.
Denmark and Sweden do the opposite, and combine rather than divide. Denmark runs prisons and probation through a single national body under the Ministry of Justice, which executes custodial sentences and supervises suspended sentences, electronic monitoring and parole. Sweden’s single national service operates prisons, remand prisons and a national transport service and is responsible for supervising people serving sentences in the community.
Common misconceptions
Widely held beliefs that do not match how the system actually operates.
Common belief: Every country has a national prison service.
In practice: Brazil’s execution statute assigns supervision of penal establishments to the penitentiary department of each federal unit, and German prisons are administered by the Länder under the general rule of Article 83 of the Basic Law.
Common belief: Federal countries always run prisons federally.
In practice: Brazil and Germany do the reverse. Canada does both at once, dividing custody by sentence length rather than by offence or location.
Common belief: Prisons and probation are naturally separate organisations.
In practice: In Denmark and Sweden a single national body does both. Whether the functions are separated is a national arrangement rather than a property of the functions.
Common belief: A national prison figure describes the country’s prison system.
In practice: Where custody is split it describes an aggregation of separately administered systems and none of them individually. That is a property of the figure, not a caveat about its accuracy.
How this varies between jurisdictions
A required section on every guide. Arrangements differ between countries, and we say how.
Six systems, four arrangements.
- National, inside a justice ministry — Japan, Ministry of Justice Correction Bureau with eight regional headquarters.
- Split by sentence length between federal and sub-national administrations — Canada, two years or more federal.
- Split by federal unit, with a federal department alongside — Brazil, LEP Arts. 71 and 74; Germany, Basic Law Art. 83.
- National and combined with community supervision in one body — Denmark and Sweden.
Rights and accountability
AnalysisWho administers custody determines who inspects it, who answers a complaint, and which legislature can change the rules. For anyone trying to raise a concern, that is the first question rather than a technical one — the correct recipient of a complaint about a prison depends on which government runs it.
AnalysisIt also determines what can be known. A country with sub-national administration may have sixteen or twenty-seven answers to a question a reader assumes has one, and the honest response to "what are conditions like there" may be that it depends on a unit the enquirer has not yet named.
What we could not establish
- Six systems are described from official sources. No individual sub-national prison administration has been researched, so nothing here describes conditions, regimes or organisation in any Land, province, state or institution.
- Contracted operation of prisons exists in several countries and has not been researched here.
Where to go next
Related: how prison capacity is measured, entering prison work as a career, the correctional service, and conviction, sentence and execution.
Related topics
- Why do figures about how full prisons are disagree with each other?
Because each is built on a different counting rule, and the rule usually travels separately from the number. Four official sources are compared here — not to produce a figure, but to show what any figure of this kind is actually measuring.
- Is being sentenced one decision, or several?
Three, and in some systems three different decision-makers. Brazil gives execution its own judge — the Juízo da Execução — which makes visible a stage most descriptions of criminal justice leave out entirely.
- Are the people in prison all serving sentences?
No — and in one measured system, most of those in provincial custody were not. Remand is detention before conviction or sentence, which makes it a different thing from punishment despite looking identical from inside.
Where this connects
Institutions: Correctional service.
Sources
Penal Institutions (Prisons / Juvenile Prisons / Detention Houses)
Ministry of Justice of Japan, Correction Bureau (moj.go.jp) · Government publication · link verified 2026-07-25
The Ministry of Justice Correction Bureau's own English page, read directly. Supports: that 'in Japan, prisons, juvenile prisons and detention houses are collectively referred to as "penal institutions"'; and that 'these penal institutions are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice and are under the supervision of one of its internal departments, the Correction Bureau, and the eight regional correction headquarters which are the field offices'. Supports the NATIONAL administration of corrections by the Ministry of Justice — the structural point for the corrections page. It supports no figure about prison population, capacity or density; the pilot does not publish a Japanese detention-capacity statistic (see the model-findings document for why that claim was deferred).
Constitution Act, 1867 (30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (UK))
Government of Canada — Justice Laws Website (laws-lois.justice.gc.ca) · Legislation · 1867-07-01 · link verified 2026-07-26
The authoritative consolidated text (English; the French 'Loi constitutionnelle de 1867' is equally authoritative), read in full. THE backbone of the division of powers. Supports: s.91(27) FEDERAL exclusive authority over 'The Criminal Law, except the Constitution of Courts of Criminal Jurisdiction, but including the Procedure in Criminal Matters'; s.91(28) federal 'Penitentiaries'; the s.91 opening 'exclusive Legislative Authority' plus the residual 'Peace, Order, and good Government' power (POGG is FEDERAL — the inverse of the United States); s.92(14) PROVINCIAL exclusive authority over 'The Administration of Justice in the Province, including the Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction'; s.92(6) provincial 'Public and Reformatory Prisons'; s.96 'The Governor General shall appoint the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province'; s.100 (Parliament fixes and pays superior-court judges' salaries); s.101 (Parliament may establish a general court of appeal and additional federal courts). Establishes the characteristic Canadian arrangement: one federal criminal law, provincially administered. Both language versions have legal effect.
Table 35-10-0154-01 — Average counts of adults in provincial and territorial correctional programs
Statistics Canada (www150.statcan.gc.ca) · Government publication · 2025 · link verified 2026-07-26
The official Statistics Canada data cube (English; French equally authoritative), read from the primary CSV download. Supports the corrections restricted claim: for fiscal year 2023/2024, the Provinces-and-Territories average daily count of adults in custody ('actual-in') was 25,349.8 — remand 19,334.5, sentenced 5,895.1, other 120.2. These are PROVINCIAL/TERRITORIAL counts only (they EXCLUDE federal custody, i.e. sentences of two years or more administered by Correctional Service Canada) and are average daily counts over the fiscal year, not a single-day snapshot. Supports no federal figure and no cross-country comparison.
Lei nº 7.210, de 11 de julho de 1984 (Lei de Execução Penal)
Presidência da República — Casa Civil (Planalto) · Legislation · 1984-07-11 · link verified 2026-07-25
The authoritative Portuguese text, read in full. Supports the corrections framework: penal execution 'tem por objetivo efetivar as disposições de sentença ou decisão criminal e proporcionar condições para a harmônica integração social do condenado' (Art. 1); the órgãos da execução penal include the Juízo da Execução, the Ministério Público, the Conselho Penitenciário and the Departamentos Penitenciários (Art. 61); the Departamento Penitenciário Nacional is 'subordinado ao Ministério da Justiça' as the federal executive body (Art. 71); and the 'Departamento Penitenciário local, ou órgão similar, tem por finalidade supervisionar e coordenar os estabelecimentos penais da Unidade da Federação a que pertencer' (Art. 74) — i.e. each state runs its own prisons. Portuguese authoritative. Does not by itself carry the DEPEN→SENAPPEN renaming (2023) or any statistic.
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz), English translation
Bundesministerium der Justiz / Bundesamt für Justiz (Gesetze im Internet) · Legislation · 1949-05-23 · link verified 2026-07-24
Translation by Professors Christian Tomuschat, David P. Currie, Donald P. Kommers and Raymond Kerr in cooperation with the Language Service of the German Bundestag; offered subject to stated conditions of use. The page states the text reflects amendments up to 22 March 2025. THE GERMAN TEXT IS AUTHORITATIVE and the translation may lag later amendments. Supports: Art. 20(1) federal state; Art. 30 (exercise of state powers is a matter for the Länder except as otherwise provided); Art. 70 (Länder legislate unless the Basic Law confers power on the Federation; exclusive vs concurrent); Art. 73(1) no. 10 (cooperation in criminal police matters; establishment of a Federal Criminal Police Office); Art. 74(1) no. 1 (concurrent legislation over criminal law and court organisation and procedure, EXCEPT the law on pre-trial detention); Art. 83 (Länder execute federal laws in their own right); Art. 87(1) (federal law may establish Federal Border Police authorities and central police offices); Art. 92 (judicial power vested in the Federal Constitutional Court, federal courts and the courts of the Länder); Art. 95(1) (the five federal supreme courts); Art. 96 (further federal courts); Art. 97 (judicial independence); Art. 35 (mutual legal and administrative assistance). Does NOT support any claim about how a particular Land organises its institutions. WAVE 19 ADDITION, read from the same official English translation page. NOTE ON NUMBERING, verified rather than assumed: in the current text the COMPOSITION of the Federal Constitutional Court is Article 93 and its JURISDICTION is Article 94 — the reverse of the allocation these two articles carried historically and of the numbering most secondary sources still cite. Supports Art. 93(5): a federal law regulates the organisation and procedure of the Court, and "the law may require that all other legal remedies be exhausted before a constitutional complaint may be filed and may provide for a separate proceeding to determine whether the complaint will be accepted for decision". Supports Art. 94(1) no. 2, ABSTRACT review: the Court rules "in the event of disagreements or doubts concerning the formal or substantive compatibility of federal law or Land law with this Basic Law or the compatibility of Land law with other federal law on application of the Federal Government, of a Land government or of one fourth of the Members of the Bundestag". Supports Art. 94(1) no. 4a, the INDIVIDUAL constitutional complaint: the Court rules "on constitutional complaints, which may be filed by any person alleging that one of his basic rights or one of his rights under paragraph (4) of Article 20 or under Article 33, 38, 101, 103 or 104 has been infringed by public authority". Supports Art. 94(1) no. 4b and 4c (municipal complaints and complaints by associations about non-recognition as political parties), and Art. 94(4), that decisions of the Court bind the constitutional organs. Supports Art. 100(1), CONCRETE review: "If a court concludes that a law on whose validity its decision depends is unconstitutional, the proceedings shall be stayed, and a decision shall be obtained from the Land court with jurisdiction over constitutional disputes where the constitution of a Land is held to be violated or from the Federal Constitutional Court where this Basic Law is held to be violated" — that is, the ordinary court must refer and may not itself disapply the statute. Supports Art. 100(3), that a Land constitutional court proposing to derogate from a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court must obtain a decision from it. The German text remains authoritative and the translation may lag later amendments. WAVE 20 ADDITION. Read from the same official English translation page and cross-checked against the German original at gesetze-im-internet.de, article by article. The Grundgesetz carries THREE distinct emergency regimes, and conflating them is the commonest error about it. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 35(1), (2) sentence 2: “(1) Alle Behörden des Bundes und der Länder leisten sich gegenseitig Rechts- und Amtshilfe. (2) [...] Zur Hilfe bei einer Naturkatastrophe oder bei einem besonders schweren Unglücksfall kann ein Land Polizeikräfte anderer Länder, Kräfte und Einrichtungen anderer Verwaltungen sowie des Bundesgrenzschutzes und der Streitkräfte anfordern.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 35(3): “(3) Gefährdet die Naturkatastrophe oder der Unglücksfall das Gebiet mehr als eines Landes, so kann die Bundesregierung, soweit es zur wirksamen Bekämpfung erforderlich ist, den Landesregierungen die Weisung erteilen, Polizeikräfte anderen Ländern zur Verfügung zu stellen, sowie Einheiten des Bundesgrenzschutzes und der Streitkräfte zur Unterstützung der Polizeikräfte einsetzen. Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung nach Satz 1 sind jederzeit auf Verlangen des Bundesrates, im übrigen unverzüglich nach Beseitigung der Gefahr aufzuheben.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 91(2): “(2) Ist das Land, in dem die Gefahr droht, nicht selbst zur Bekämpfung der Gefahr bereit oder in der Lage, so kann die Bundesregierung die Polizei in diesem Lande und die Polizeikräfte anderer Länder ihren Weisungen unterstellen sowie Einheiten des Bundesgrenzschutzes einsetzen. Die Anordnung ist nach Beseitigung der Gefahr, im übrigen jederzeit auf Verlangen des Bundesrates aufzuheben.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 87a(2), (4): “(2) Außer zur Verteidigung dürfen die Streitkräfte nur eingesetzt werden, soweit dieses Grundgesetz es ausdrücklich zuläßt. [...] (4) Zur Abwehr einer drohenden Gefahr für den Bestand oder die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung des Bundes oder eines Landes kann die Bundesregierung, wenn die Voraussetzungen des Artikels 91 Abs. 2 vorliegen und die Polizeikräfte sowie der Bundesgrenzschutz nicht ausreichen, Streitkräfte zur Unterstützung der Polizei und des Bundesgrenzschutzes beim Schutze von zivilen Objekten und bei der Bekämpfung organisierter und militärisch bewaffneter Aufständischer einsetzen. Der Einsatz von Streitkräften ist einzustellen, wenn der Bundestag oder der Bundesrat es verlangen.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115a(1): “(1) Die Feststellung, daß das Bundesgebiet mit Waffengewalt angegriffen wird oder ein solcher Angriff unmittelbar droht (Verteidigungsfall), trifft der Bundestag mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates. Die Feststellung erfolgt auf Antrag der Bundesregierung und bedarf einer Mehrheit von zwei Dritteln der abgegebenen Stimmen, mindestens der Mehrheit der Mitglieder des Bundestages.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115a(2), (3), (4): “(2) Erfordert die Lage unabweisbar ein sofortiges Handeln und stehen einem rechtzeitigen Zusammentritt des Bundestages unüberwindliche Hindernisse entgegen oder ist er nicht beschlußfähig, so trifft der Gemeinsame Ausschuß diese Feststellung mit einer Mehrheit von zwei Dritteln der abgegebenen Stimmen, mindestens der Mehrheit seiner Mitglieder. [...] (4) Wird das Bundesgebiet mit Waffengewalt angegriffen und sind die zuständigen Bundesorgane außerstande, sofort die Feststellung nach Absatz 1 Satz 1 zu treffen, so gilt diese Feststellung als getroffen und als zu dem Zeitpunkt verkündet, in dem der Angriff begonnen hat.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115g: “Die verfassungsmäßige Stellung und die Erfüllung der verfassungsmäßigen Aufgaben des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes und seiner Richter dürfen nicht beeinträchtigt werden. Das Gesetz über das Bundesverfassungsgericht darf durch ein Gesetz des Gemeinsamen Ausschusses nur insoweit geändert werden, als dies auch nach Auffassung des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes zur Aufrechterhaltung der Funktionsfähigkeit des Gerichtes erforderlich ist. Bis zum Erlaß eines solchen Gesetzes kann das Bundesverfassungsgericht die zur Erhaltung der Arbeitsfähigkeit des Gerichtes erforderlichen Maßnahmen treffen.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115l(1), (2): “(1) Der Bundestag kann jederzeit mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates Gesetze des Gemeinsamen Ausschusses aufheben. [...] (2) Der Bundestag kann mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates jederzeit durch einen vom Bundespräsidenten zu verkündenden Beschluß den Verteidigungsfall für beendet erklären. Der Bundesrat kann verlangen, daß der Bundestag hierüber beschließt. Der Verteidigungsfall ist unverzüglich für beendet zu erklären, wenn die Voraussetzungen für seine Feststellung nicht mehr gegeben sind.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 101: “(1) Ausnahmegerichte sind unzulässig. Niemand darf seinem gesetzlichen Richter entzogen werden. (2) Gerichte für besondere Sachgebiete können nur durch Gesetz errichtet werden.”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 19(2) and Art. 79(3): “In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden. [Art. 19(2)] — Eine Änderung dieses Grundgesetzes, durch welche die Gliederung des Bundes in Länder, die grundsätzliche Mitwirkung der Länder bei der Gesetzgebung oder die in den Artikeln 1 und 20 niedergelegten Grundsätze berührt werden, ist unzulässig. [Art. 79(3)]”. Supports Grundgesetz Art. 115c(1), (3): “(1) Der Bund hat für den Verteidigungsfall das Recht der konkurrierenden Gesetzgebung auch auf den Sachgebieten, die zur Gesetzgebungszuständigkeit der Länder gehören. Diese Gesetze bedürfen der Zustimmung des Bundesrates. [...] (3) Soweit es zur Abwehr eines gegenwärtigen oder unmittelbar drohenden Angriffs erforderlich ist, kann für den Verteidigungsfall durch Bundesgesetz mit Zustimmung des Bundesrates die Verwaltung und das Finanzwesen des Bundes und der Länder abweichend von den Abschnitten VIII, VIIIa und X geregelt werden, wobei die Lebensfähigkeit der Länder, Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbände, insbesondere auch in finanzieller Hinsicht, zu wahren ist.”. These provisions support the STRUCTURE of German emergency law and nothing about its application. They record no instance of any regime being invoked, state no measure taken under one, and support no claim about any Land's own disaster-protection law or about any other country.WAVE 21 ADDITION. Read again from the same official English translation page and checked article by article against the authoritative German original at gesetze-im-internet.de/gg. Supports the LIMITATION architecture: Art. 19(1)-(2), “(1) Soweit nach diesem Grundgesetz ein Grundrecht durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden kann, muß das Gesetz allgemein und nicht nur für den Einzelfall gelten. Außerdem muß das Gesetz das Grundrecht unter Angabe des Artikels nennen. (2) In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden.”, and Art. 19(3)-(4) (basic rights apply to domestic legal persons so far as their nature permits; recourse to the courts where rights are violated by public authority, with the second sentence of Art. 10(2) expressly unaffected). Supports the RIGHTS-HOLDER finding, verified in the German text rather than the translation because the finding is about a word: Art. 8(1) “Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, sich ohne Anmeldung oder Erlaubnis friedlich und ohne Waffen zu versammeln”; Art. 9(1) “Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, Vereine und Gesellschaften zu bilden”; Art. 11(1) “Alle Deutschen genießen Freizügigkeit im ganzen Bundesgebiet”; Art. 12(1) “Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, Beruf, Arbeitsplatz und Ausbildungsstätte frei zu wählen” — against Art. 2(1) “Jeder hat das Recht auf die freie Entfaltung seiner Persönlichkeit”, Art. 3(1) “Alle Menschen sind vor dem Gesetz gleich”, and the two provisions that name no holder at all: Art. 10(1) “Das Briefgeheimnis sowie das Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnis sind unverletzlich” and Art. 13(1) “Die Wohnung ist unverletzlich”. Supports Art. 1(3), that the basic rights bind the legislature, the executive and the judiciary as directly applicable law. Supports Art. 2(2), that everyone has the right to life and physical integrity, that freedom of the person is inviolable, and that these rights may be interfered with only pursuant to a law. Supports the HOME provision in full: Art. 13(2) “Durchsuchungen dürfen nur durch den Richter, bei Gefahr im Verzuge auch durch die in den Gesetzen vorgesehenen anderen Organe angeordnet und nur in der dort vorgeschriebenen Form durchgeführt werden”; Art. 13(3), acoustic surveillance of a home on judicial order where particular facts justify suspicion of an especially serious crime specifically defined by law and alternative methods would be disproportionately difficult or unproductive, for a limited time, ordered by a panel of three judges (a single judge where time is of the essence); Art. 13(4), technical surveillance to avert acute dangers only on judicial order, with a subsequent judicial decision without delay where time was of the essence; Art. 13(5); Art. 13(6), annual reporting to the Bundestag and parliamentary oversight by an elected panel, with comparable oversight in the Länder; and Art. 13(7). Supports the COMMUNICATIONS provision: Art. 10(2), that restrictions may be ordered only pursuant to a law and that where the restriction serves to protect the free democratic basic order or the existence or security of the Federation or of a Land, the law may provide that the person affected shall not be informed and that recourse to the courts shall be replaced by review by agencies and auxiliary agencies appointed by the legislature. Supports Art. 103(1) (“Vor Gericht hat jedermann Anspruch auf rechtliches Gehör”) and Art. 104(1)-(4), including Art. 104(2) “Die Polizei darf aus eigener Machtvollkommenheit niemanden länger als bis zum Ende des Tages nach dem Ergreifen in eigenem Gewahrsam halten” and Art. 104(3), that a person provisionally detained on suspicion of an offence is brought before a judge no later than the day following arrest, who informs, examines, and either issues a written reasoned arrest warrant or orders release. VERIFIED NEGATIVE, and it is stated as a fact about the text and not about German law: the Grundgesetz contains no privilege against self-incrimination and no right to silence. An exhaustive search of the authoritative German text for “Selbstbelastung”, “schweigen”, “Aussage zu verweigern” and “Geständnis” returns zero occurrences, as does a search of the English translation for “incriminat”, “silent”, “silence”, “confession” and “witness against”. This record therefore does NOT support any claim that the principle is absent from German law — it supports only that it is absent from this constitutional text. The German text remains authoritative and the translation may lag later amendments.
Rigsrevisionen (National Audit Office of Denmark) · Government publication · 2018 · link verified 2026-07-26
The National Audit Office report on the Prison and Probation Service, fetched as a PDF and text-extracted. Supports that the Prison and Probation Service (Kriminalforsorgen) operates under the Ministry of Justice ("whether the Ministry of Justice has ensured that the Prison Service performs its supervision …") and its remit over imprisoned and released offenders, suspended and unconditional sentences, electronic monitoring and parole. Establishes the federal-ministry-level (national) administration of prisons in a unitary state.
Swedish Prison and Probation Service
Kriminalvården (Swedish Prison and Probation Service) · Government publication · link verified 2026-07-26
The Prison and Probation Service's own English page, read directly. Supports the unified national mandate: "We operate prisons, remand prisons and a national transport service, and we are responsible for supervising people serving sentences in the community" — so one national authority runs prisons, remand detention, community supervision (probation) and the national prisoner-transport service.